Carbon nanotubes from polyethylene precursors: Structure and structural changes caused by thermal and chemical treatment revealed by HREM

Киселев, Н.А.; Sloan, Jeremy; Zakharov, D.N.; Kukovitskii, E. F.; Hutchison, J. L.; Hammer, Jens; Kotosonov, A. S.

doi:10.1016/s0008-6223(98)00092-x

Cited by 112 publications

(37 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Note that the fibre surface is modified: loops of graphene appear to have joined the graphene layers edges. These loops have been reported in previous studies [16,[22][23][24]. Lee et al suggested loops to appear at 2200 ºC, however, not very clearly shown [16].…”

Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 66%

Effect of heat treatment of carbon nanofibres on electroless copper deposition

Tamayo-Ariztondo¹,

Córdoba²,

Odén³

et al. 2010

Composites Science and Technology

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Cu is a well known heat sink material due to its high thermal conductivity.However, its coefficient of thermal expansion (CTE) is high. One of the most promising solutions for reducing it is to reinforce copper with carbon nanofibres (CNF) because of their low CTE. To exploit the properties of the CNFs a good dispersion of the reinforcement within the matrix must be achieved. One of the processing methods used to obtain a homogeneous CNF distribution is coating the CNF with Cu using electrochemical deposition. In this paper, the effect of the carbon structure on electroless deposition technique is studied. Different CNF have been compared: herringbone (HB), platelet (PL) and longitudinally aligned (previously heat treated) (LAHT). Herringbone and Platelet CNF were heat treated at 2750ºC for 30' which resulted in a structure resembling graphite with loops at the fibre surface. These loops are responsible for an enhancement of the copper coating. It is shown that the Cu coverage in electroless deposition is high for the graphene plane and poor at the edges of the plane.

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Section: Methodssupporting

confidence: 66%

Effect of heat treatment of carbon nanofibres on electroless copper deposition

Tamayo-Ariztondo¹,

Córdoba²,

Odén³

et al. 2010

Composites Science and Technology

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“…CNT production from plastics has been demonstrated [27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38], however the effect of the steam injection rate on CNT and hydrogen has not been considered. The potential to produce CNTs from the pyrolysis of plastics was demonstrated by Kukovitsky et al [27].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Control of steam input to the pyrolysis-gasification of waste plastics for improved production of hydrogen or carbon nanotubes

Acomb

2014

Applied Catalysis B: Environmental

165

102

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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been proven to be possible as high-value by-products of hydrogen production from gasification of waste plastics. In this work, steam content in the gasification process was investigated to increase the quality of CNTs in terms of purity.Three different plastics -low density polyethylene (LDPE), polypropylene (PP) and polystyrene (PS) were studied in a two stage pyrolysis-gasification reactor. Plastics samples were pyrolysed in nitrogen at 600°C, before the evolved gases were passed to a second stage where steam was injected and the gases were reformed at 800°C in the presence of a nickelalumina catalyst. To investigate the effect that steam plays on CNT production, steam injection rates of 0, 0.25, 1.90 and 4.74 g h -1 were employed. The CNTs produced from all three plastics were multiwalled CNTs with diameters between 10 and 20 nm and several microns in length. For all the plastic samples, raising the steam injection rate led to increased hydrogen production as steam reforming and gasification of deposited carbon increased. High quality CNTs, as observed from TEM, TPO and Raman spectroscopy, were produced by controlling the steam injection rate. The largest yield for LDPE was obtained at 0 g h -1 steam injection rate, whilst PP and PS gave their largest yields at 0.25 g h -1 . Overall the largest CNT yield was obtained for PS at 0.25 g h -1 , with a conversion rate of plastic to CNTs of 32% wt.

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“…whether it is a carbide or not) 13,15 . There are a number of direct and indirect reported observations of the catalyst being a pure metal, a carbide, a pure metal with a carbide-organized surface layer or even a carbide/metal/metal oxide polycrystal 12, 15,16 . At least in some of the cases, only the (111) lattice fringes of Ni have been presented as evidence of pure catalyst, separated by 2.02Å.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Controlled Growth-Reversal of Catalytic Carbon Nanotubes under Electron-Beam Irradiation

et al. 2006

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The growth of carbon nanotubes from Ni catalysts is reversed and observed in real-time in a transmission electron microscope, at room temperature. The Ni catalyst is found to be Ni 3 C and remains attached to the nanotube throughout the irradiation sequence, indicating that C diffuses most likely on the surface of the catalyst to form nanotubes. We calculate that the energy barrier for saturating the Ni 3 C (2-13) surface with C is 0.14eV, thus providing a low energy surface for the formation of graphene planes.

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Carbon nanotubes from polyethylene precursors: Structure and structural changes caused by thermal and chemical treatment revealed by HREM

Cited by 112 publications

References 14 publications

Effect of heat treatment of carbon nanofibres on electroless copper deposition

Effect of heat treatment of carbon nanofibres on electroless copper deposition

Control of steam input to the pyrolysis-gasification of waste plastics for improved production of hydrogen or carbon nanotubes

Controlled Growth-Reversal of Catalytic Carbon Nanotubes under Electron-Beam Irradiation

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