Carbon nanotubes as sorbent materials for the extraction of pharmaceutical products followed by chromatographic analysis

Bitas, Dimitrios; Samanidou, Victoria

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-813691-1.00005-1

Cited by 3 publications

(9 citation statements)

References 52 publications

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“…Another method employed to enhance an electrochemical (bio)sensor is the molecular imprinting technique (MIT), a system for the preparation of polymers with selective receptor sites, resulting in platforms with predetermined attraction to a specific target. For this technology, the selected monomers are polymerized around a template molecule, then, the molecule is removed from the polymer matrix leaving a stereo configuration which is used by the resulting polymer for the molecule selective recognition [36,[85][86][87]. Sun and coworkers utilized MIT combined with the structural modification of PPy by graphene oxide and molecularly printed quercetin [36].…”

Section: Icps Modified With Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymers and Plastics Modified Electrodes for Biosensors: A Review

Lanzalaco

Molina

2020

Molecules

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Polymer materials offer several advantages as supports of biosensing platforms in terms of flexibility, weight, conformability, portability, cost, disposability and scope for integration. The present study reviews the field of electrochemical biosensors fabricated on modified plastics and polymers, focusing the attention, in the first part, on modified conducting polymers to improve sensitivity, selectivity, biocompatibility and mechanical properties, whereas the second part is dedicated to modified “environmentally friendly” polymers to improve the electrical properties. These ecofriendly polymers are divided into three main classes: bioplastics made from natural sources, biodegradable plastics made from traditional petrochemicals and eco/recycled plastics, which are made from recycled plastic materials rather than from raw petrochemicals. Finally, flexible and wearable lab-on-a-chip (LOC) biosensing devices, based on plastic supports, are also discussed. This review is timely due to the significant advances achieved over the last few years in the area of electrochemical biosensors based on modified polymers and aims to direct the readers to emerging trends in this field.

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Section: Icps Modified With Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

Polymers and Plastics Modified Electrodes for Biosensors: A Review

Lanzalaco

Molina

2020

Molecules

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“…This is consistent with the well-known detrimental effect caused in the heterocyclic ring conjugation by electron-donating substituents. 57 However, the LEA was significantly lower for the grafted copolymers than for the homopolymer after fifty oxidationreduction cycles, evidencing that the new semiconducting copolymers present good electrochemical stability when consecutive redox processes are applied.…”

Section: Macromonomer Characterizationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Then, the molecule is removed from the polymer matrix, leaving a stereochemical image that is used by the resulting polymer for the template selective recognition. [56][57][58][59] Sun and coworkers utilized MIT combined with the structural modification of PPy by graphene oxide and molecularly printed quercetin. 58 The double modification in the molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP) PPy-Gr was designed to improve its behavior as electrochemical (bio)sensor of quercetin, a flavonoid capable of modulate enzymes activity.…”

Section: Icps Modified With Carbonmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Once every electrode was completely dry, 300 µL of extraction buffer (Tris 0.625M, SDS 2%, BME 5%) were added and incubated for one hour. Then, the protein concentrations were determined by the colorimetric Ninhydrin reaction 57 For this procedure, 300 μL of extraction buffer form each sample and standards were mixed with Ninhydrin reagent and heated at 95°C for 10 min then, the absorbance at 570 nm was measured in a microplate reader.…”

Section: Protein Adsorptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These materials or devices can behave as muscles through reversible contractions, expansions or rotations trigger by an external stimulus (such as voltage, current, pressure, temperature, light, etc.). 57,58 Similar to an actuator, a biosensor responds to produced signals, in this case, biological reactions. The term was defined by Turner et al…”

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Modified polymers as electroactive biomaterials

Molina García

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Development of polymeric biomaterials with tailored properties is essential for expanding biotechnologies and, therefore, proposing novel solutions for diagnostic and treatments in modern medicine. In order to contribute with such expansion, this research suggests different strategies to modify intrinsically conducting polymers (ICPs) and overcome their few limitations. Three main engineering approaches were used to combine ICPs advantages with others from conventional insulating polymers and biopolymers, optimizing their performance as electrochemical biomaterials on tissues engineering, biomimetic platforms, actuators and specially on the biosensing field. The first strategy evaluated in this Thesis was designed to take advantage of the “grafting-through”technique and prepare graft copolymers with ICPs backbones. The incorporation of well-known biocompatible polymers like polyethylene glycol (PEG) and polycaprolactone (PCL) into ICP backbones, increased the cell viability in presence of the synthetized copolymers. Such modifications and the ICPs electroactivity allowed to estimate the copolymers performance as electrochemical sensors of biomolecules. The second approach was planned to prepare free-standing, flexible and electroactive films for the electrochemical detection of bacterial infections. The excellent mechanical properties of isotactic polypropylene (i-PP) plastic, combined with an ICP like poly (3,4-ethylendioxythiophene) (PEDOT), enabled the obtained a novel composite with good dimensional stability to be applied as electrochemical platform for bacterial detection. This composite was able to perceive extracellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH), generated from the respiration reactions of bacteria, and distinguishing prokaryotic microbes from eukaryotic cells. In addition, with a small adjustment, the generated films exhibited qualities as electroactive bioplatforms for tissue engineering. Finally, the third strategy fashioned an electroactive multi-functional nanomembrane for applications of flexible biomedical implants. A layer-by-layer assembly (LbL) was used to integrate the PEDOT electroactivity to the poly(lactic acid) (PLA) biopolymer. The self-supported nanomembrane of 5 layers, showed benefits as biomimetic platforms for selective ion and ATP transport, as well as actuator/artificial muscles. Overall, the characterization studies of the electroactive and biocompatible composites presented in this Thesis, offer a comprehensive view on how modifications in ICPs optimize its abilities as biomaterials and open a wide range of possible applications in biomedicine. El desarrollo de biomateriales poliméricos con propiedades específicas, es esencial para la expansión biotecnológica y, por lo tanto, para el diseño de soluciones novedosas en el diagnóstico y tratamientos de enfermedades en la medicina moderna. Con el objetivo de contribuir con dicha expansión, esta investigación propone diferentes estrategias de modificación en polímeros conductores intrínsecos (ICPs por sus siglas en ingles), y superar con ello sus pocas limitaciones. Tres principales enfoques de ingeniería fueron utilizados para combinar las ventajas de ICPs con las de otros polímeros convencionales y biopolímeros, optimizando su rendimiento como biomateriales electroquímicos en ingeniería de tejidos, plataformas biomiméticas, actuadores y, especialmente, en el campo de la biodetección. La primera estrategia evaluada en esta Tesis, fue diseñada para aprovechar la técnica de injerto y preparar copolímeros con una cadena principal de ICP. Empleando esta técnica, la incorporación de polímeros biocompatibles, como el polietilenglicol (PEG) y la policaprolactona (PCL), en la cadena principal de un ICP, aumentó la viabilidad celular en presencia de los copolímeros formados. Dichas modificaciones y la electroactividad de los ICPs, permitieron estimar el rendimiento de los copolímeros como sensores electroquímicos de biomoléculas. El segundo enfoque fue planeado para preparar películas auto soportables, flexibles y electroactivas, que permitieran la detección electroquímica de infecciones bacterianas. Las excelentes propiedades mecánicas del polipropileno isotáctico (i-PP) en combinación con un ICP, como el poli (3,4-etilendioxitiofeno) (PEDOT), permitieron obtener un nuevo compuesto electroquímico capaz de percibir el dinucleótido adenina de nicotianamina (NADH por su siglas en ingles), generado extracelularmente durante las reacciones respiratorias de las bacterias, y distinguir los microbios procariotas de las células eucariotas. Además, con un pequeño ajuste, las películas generadas exhibieron cualidades como bioplataformas electroactivas para la ingeniería de tejidos. Finalmente, con la tercera estrategia se diseñó una nanomembrana electroactiva multifuncional, para aplicaciones de implantes biomédicos flexibles. Un ensamble de capa por capa, fue utilizado para integrar la electroactividad del PEDOT con el biopolímero ácido poli láctico (PLA por sus siglas en ingles). La nanomembrana auto soportable de 5 capas, mostró beneficios como plataforma biomimética para el transporte selectivo de iones y adenosín trifosfato; o como músculos artificiales o actuadores. En general, los estudios de caracterización de los compuestos electroactivos y biocompatibles presentados en esta Tesis, ofrecen una visión integral de cómo las modificaciones en los ICPs optimizan sus capacidades como biomateriales, y abren una amplia gama de posibles aplicaciones en biomedicina.

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Electrochemically Fabricated Solid Phase Microextraction Fibers and Their Applications in Food, Environmental and Clinical Analysis

Pelit

Ertaş

et al. 2019

CAC

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Background: Designing an analytical methodology for complicated matrices, such as biological and environmental samples, is difficult since the sample preparation procedure is the most demanding step affecting the whole analytical process. Nowadays, this step has become more challenging by the legislations and environmental concerns since it is a prerequisite to eliminate or minimize the use of hazardous substances in traditional procedures by replacing with green techniques suitable for the sample matrix. Methods: In addition to the matrix, the nature of the analyte also influence the ease of creating green analytical techniques. Recent developments in the chemical analysis provide us new methodologies introducing microextraction techniques and among them, solid phase microextraction (SPME) has emerged as a simple, fast, low cost, reliable and portable sample preparation technique that minimizes solvent consumption. Results: The use of home-made fibers is popular in the last two decades since the selectivity can be tuned by changing the surface characteristics through chemical and electrochemical modifications. Latter technique is preferred since the electroactive polymers can be coated onto the fiber under controlled electrochemical conditions and the film thicknesses can be adjusted by simply changing the deposition parameters. Thermal resistance and mechanical strength can be readily increased by incorporating different dopant ions into the polymeric structure and selectivity can be tuned by inserting functional groups and nanostructures. A vast number of analytes with wide range of polarities extracted by this means can be determined with a suitable chromatographic detector coupled to the system. Therefore, the main task is to improve the physicochemical properties of the fiber along with the extraction efficiency and selectivity towards the various analytes by adjusting the electrochemical preparation conditions. Conclusion: This review covers the fine tuning conditions practiced in electrochemical preparation of SPME fibers and in-tube systems and their applications in environmental, food and clinical analysis.

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Carbon nanotubes as sorbent materials for the extraction of pharmaceutical products followed by chromatographic analysis

Cited by 3 publications

References 52 publications

Polymers and Plastics Modified Electrodes for Biosensors: A Review

Polymers and Plastics Modified Electrodes for Biosensors: A Review

Modified polymers as electroactive biomaterials

Electrochemically Fabricated Solid Phase Microextraction Fibers and Their Applications in Food, Environmental and Clinical Analysis

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