Carbon Nanomaterials: Emerging Roles in Immuno-Oncology

Abstract

Cancer immunotherapy has made breakthrough progress in cancer treatment. However, only a subset of patients benefits from immunotherapy. Given their unique structure, composition, and interactions with the immune system, carbon nanomaterials have recently attracted tremendous interest in their roles as modulators of antitumor immunity. Here, we focused on the latest advances in the immunological effects of carbon nanomaterials. We also reviewed the current preclinical applications of these materials in cancer therapy. Finally, we discussed the challenges to be overcome before the full potential of carbon nanomaterials can be utilized in cancer therapies to ultimately improve patient outcomes.

Immunological nanomaterials to combat cancer metastasis

“…have been widely used as cancer therapeutic agents recently. 122,123 As some of the refractory materials, the carbon-based nanomaterials have been reported to facilitate phagocytosis of monocytes and differentiation of monocytes into macrophages. 124 For example, Lavelle and co-workers explored the pro-inflammation properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and spherical carbon nano-onions (CNOs) in DCs.…”

Advances in nano-immunotherapy for hematological malignancies

“…Provide more controlled release, which reduces side effects. [ 45 – 47 ] Inorganic Nanomaterials Nonmetallic Inorganic Nanomaterials Carbon nanomaterials: graphenes, fullerenes, carbon nanotubes, carbon nanohorns, carbon quantum dots, and graphyne Phosphorus Silicon Large specific surface area, efficient photothermal conversion efficiency, good optical/acoustic efficacy [ 9 , 35 , 48 – 51 ] Metallic Nanomaterials Gold-based nanomaterials Iron-based nanomaterials Copper-based nanomaterials Palladium-based nanomaterials Titanium-based Nanomaterials Other Metallic Nanomaterials Distinct optical, magnetic, and photothermal features. Not readily biodegradable, good stability and adsorption ability.…”