Carbon Nanomaterials Derived from Black Carbon Soot: A Review of Materials and Applications

Abstract

Herein, we provide a possible description for the isolation/fabrication of nanocarbons from freely available global pollutant waste as black-carbonaceous-soot particulates known as black carbon (BC). It is important to mention here that BC contains many different types of nanocarbons, which have routinely been formed during combustion and were further admixed with air, and therefore enhancing the possibility of global warming. Nevertheless, the different composition and burning condition of fuel results in the emission of different-sized−shaped soot particulates. BC particulates are generally divided into two categories, i.e., indoor and outdoor BC. A possibility has been discussed here to develop some more easily accessible isolation methodologies for the extraction of nanocarbons from BC, explicitly with the expectation to use them for fruitful purposes. Additionally, it will also contributing in improving the overall air quality. In particular, this review summarizes the spectroscopic and microscopic identifications of nanocarbons isolated from the different types of indoor and outdoor BC particulates. Further, in subsequent sections, we have discussed their possible applications, like sensing, bioimaging/biological activity, adsorption, photocatalysis, energy storage devices, agricultural uses, photonics, superamphiphobic material, etc.

Prospects of nano-carbons as emerging catalysts for enzyme-mimetic applications

“…Further, surface defects like dangling bonds, missing graphitic planes, steps, kinks, edge effects are responsible for the generation of surface-active sites. 46,87,88 Decrease in particle size also lowers the absorption energy and hence increases catalytic efficiency. The edge-rich nano-carbons provide a diverse set of flexible tuning options for the engineering and design of nanozymes.…”

“…157 The electrochemical detection of biomolecules including glucose, dopamine, uric acid and cholesterol has been done by many research groups by using nano-carbon-based nanozymes with both ultra-high sensitivity and low detection limits. 87 Co@HNCF because of the high electron transfer in the composite. 160 In an innovative approach, Li et al designed CDs confined in N-doped carbon (CDs@NC) as peroxidase-like nanozyme for the detection of gastric cancer.…”

“…157 The electrochemical detection of biomolecules (including glucose, dopamine, uric acid and cholesterol) has been done by many research groups by using nano-carbon-based nanozymes with both ultra-high sensitivity and low detection limits. 87 These electrochemical detection-based tests could be useful for a clinical diagnosis, like diabetes, kidney dysfunctions, fatty liver, biomarkers detection and cancer diagnosis. 158,159 Wang et al synthesized a gold and cobalt co-doped hollow carbon framework (Au/Co@HNCF)-based nanozyme for the electrochemical detection of uric acid.…”

Highly durable superhydrophobic surfaces based on a protective frame and crosslinked PDMS-candle soot coatings

“…In addition, superhydrophobic SSM has been widely used for metal corrosion protection and oil-water separation [33]. As shown in figure 3(b), CS nanoparticles with a size of about 50 nm aggregated together to form an unconsolidated network through weak interactions [25]. After mechanical transferring and flame burning, robust superhydrophobic SSM/PDMS−CS composites were successfully obtained, exhibiting a unique polygonal shape caused by the pressed SSM frame (figure 3(c)).…”

“…Candle soot (CS) comprising carbon nanoparticles as a traditional unwanted pollutant turned into recycled functional materials [21], extensively applied for biomedical engineering [22], energy research [23], environmental science [24], and other fields [25]. For interfaces with special wettability, a robust superamphiphobic coating has been created based on a CS template [26].…”