Carbon monoxide poisoning

Ashcroft, James; Fraser, Emma; Krishnamoorthy, Sanjay; Westwood-Ruttledge, Sue

doi:10.1136/bmj.l2299

Cited by 19 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Many harmful and potential carcinogens were detected in the mainstream bidi smoke. High levels of carbon monoxide (Table 1), if inhaled, can enter into the bloodstream and bind with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin [5]. This results in tissue ischemia, and is a major cause of cardiovascular diseases, and is common among bidi smokers [9].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of chemical constituents in mainstream bidi smoke

2019

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Bidi, an indigenous form of cigarette in South Asian countries, is popular because of its low cost and multi-flavored variants. Although recent studies have shown that bidi smokers suffer from various adverse health effects including cancer, research on bidi smoke composition and exposure levels is still very limited. In this research, the vapor and particulate phases of bidi were characterized using gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (GC–MS) and Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry (FTIR). The amounts of nicotine, cotinine, indole, substituted phenols, substituted pyridines, and phytol found in different size fractions of the particulate matter collected using a cascade impactor were reported. Due to the low combustibility of the tendu leaf in bidi, a six-second puff interval was used to sample the smoke constituents for analysis. Significant levels of carbon monoxide, hydrogen cyanide, and hydrocarbons like ethylene, methane and 1, 3-butadiene were detected in the mainstream bidi smoke. In addition, 3-methylpyridine, cotinine, α-amyrin, and β-amyrin were also present at high levels in bidi smoke. Despite having less tobacco compared to conventional cigarette, bidi smokers are potentially exposed to significantly higher concentrations of nicotine due to the greater puffing frequency. The non-porous nature and higher moisture content of tendu leaf in bidis compared to cigarette wrapping paper led to higher levels of carbon monoxide and tar in bidi smoke compared to regular cigarette smoke. Results of this study indicate the presence of harmful and carcinogenic chemicals in the mainstream bidi smoke that could be harmful to human health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of chemical constituents in mainstream bidi smoke

2019

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“…Carbon monoxide is an uncommon, but important, cause of poisoning in the UK. It can be extremely difficult to identify, and both acute and chronic cases can be easily misdiagnosed as other common presentations such as influenza, gastroenteritis, tension headache and alcohol toxicity (Ashcroft et al, 2019). Approximately 50 people die from accidental carbon monoxide poisoning in the UK every year (Office for National Statistics, 2020) and it is believed that the morbidity is underestimated (Ashcroft et al, 2019).…”

Section: Carbon Monoxide Poisoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Exposure causes tissue hypoxia by binding to haemoglobin and forming carboxyhaemoglobin (COHb). Carbon monoxide has over 200 times the affinity to haemoglobin than oxygen, and therefore, significantly reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of blood (Ashcroft et al, 2019).…”

Section: Carbon Monoxide Poisoningmentioning

confidence: 99%

Poisoning

Callaghan¹

2021

InnovAiT

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Every day in the UK, hundreds of people seek medical attention after accidental or deliberate exposure to a drug or chemical. Although significant cases of poisoning will be managed in secondary care, many patients will seek help from primary care, either through their GP practice or the NHS telephone advice services. The most common cause of poisoning in adults is deliberate overdose of a drug. Other poisoning scenarios encountered in general practice include accidental exposure (especially in young children), environmental exposure, medication administration errors and therapeutic excess of prescribed or over-the-counter drugs.

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“…These gases are generated during the process of fuel combustion and industrial production. When flowing to the atmosphere, they contaminate the air, making it harmful to human health (2)(3). Qualitative and quantitative studies have also shown a correlation between pollutant emission from fuel combustion production and air quality (4).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) sets a safe indoor CO concentration for humans not to exceed 1,000 ppm. (3,(6)(7). A study on the influence of carbon-dioxide concentration on human well-being and the intensity of mental work concluded that CO concentration in the air was less advantageous for mental health compared to 600 ppm concentration.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Assessment of Exposure to Carbon Monoxide in a Residential Area around Tofu Manufacturing

Drastyana

Uktutias

2021

JKL

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Introduction: The combustion process during the production of tofu leads to the release of Carbon monoxide (CO). This study aimed to analyze the environmental risks of exposure to CO in people residing near the tofu factories in Sidoarjo, Indonesia. Methods: This was an analytic study using a cross-sectional design. Data were obtained from laboratory experiments, interviews, and observations. Five locations of the tofu manufacturing areas as a research location. Results and Discussion: The average CO concentration in five locations was below the quality standard at 54.50 µg/m3. The hazard identification showed CO could have non-carcinogenic health risks. The respondents near the tofu industry inhaled 5.63 µg/kg/day CO in average. Furthermore, at all of the locations, the CO toxic agents in the air have a rate of RQ > 1. This showed that respondents with 55 kg body weight could be exposed to CO for 8 hours/day or for 312 days/ year. As a result, the exposure to CO is unsafe or likely to result in non-carcinogenic effects on the residents in the next 30 years. Conclusion: CO concentration in all tofu manufacturing areas was below the quality standard and could cause health problems. Residents around the factory are advised to avoid exhaust gas emissions from tofu factories by providing an air exhaust system. The residents also can reduce the exposure by using a mask when outdoor activity.

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Carbon monoxide poisoning

Cited by 19 publications

References 17 publications

Analysis of chemical constituents in mainstream bidi smoke

Analysis of chemical constituents in mainstream bidi smoke

Poisoning

Risk Assessment of Exposure to Carbon Monoxide in a Residential Area around Tofu Manufacturing

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