Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors

Zhang, Junfeng Jim; Smith, Kirk R.; Uma, R.; Ma, Yongkang; Kishore, V.V.N.; Lata, Kusum; Khalil, M. A. K.; Rasmussen, R. A.; Thorneloe, S.T.

doi:10.1016/s1465-9972(99)00004-5

Cited by 76 publications

(65 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…Zhang et al (18) also reported greater EFs for particles and some carbonaceous gases from improved stoves than from traditional stoves. Therefore, future designs for high-efficiency stoves should optimize both energy transfer and environmental concerns.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Emission Characteristics of Carbonaceous Particles from Various Residential Coal-Stoves in China

Zhi

Chen

Feng

et al. 2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

173

146

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China is thought to be the most important contributor to the global burden of carbonaceous aerosols, and residential coal combustion is the greatest emission source of black carbon (BC). In the present study, two high-efficiency household coalstovesaretestedtogetherwithhoneycomb-coal-briquettesandrawcoal-chunks of nine different coals. Coal-burning emissions are collected onto quartz fiber filters (QFFs) and analyzed by a thermal-optical transmittance (TOT) method. Emission factors (EFs) of particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC), and elemental carbon (EC) are systematically measured, and the average EFs are calculated by taking into account our previous data. For bituminous coal-briquette and -chunk, EFs of PM, OC, and EC are 7.33, 4.16, and 0.08 g/kg and 14.8, 5.93, and 3.81 g/kg, respectively; and for anthracite-briquette and -chunk, they are 1.21, 0.06, and 0.004 g/kg and 1.08, 0.10, and 0.007 g/kg, respectively. Annual estimates for PM, OC, and EC emissions in China are calculated for the years of 2000 and 2005 according to the EFs and coal consumptions, and the results are consistent with our previous estimates. Bituminous coal-chunk contributes 68% and 99% of the total OC and EC emissions from household coal burning, respectively. Additionally, a new model of Aethalometer (AE90) is introduced into the sampling system to monitor the real-time BC concentrations. On one hand, AE90 provides a set of EFs for optical BC in parallel to thermal-optical EC, and these two data are generally comparable, although BC/EC ratios vary in different coal/stove combinations. On the other hand, AE90 offers a chance to observe the variation of BC concentrations during whole burning cycles, which demonstrates that almost all BC emits into the flue during the initial period of 15 min after coal addition into household stoves.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 96%

Emission Characteristics of Carbonaceous Particles from Various Residential Coal-Stoves in China

Zhi

Chen

Feng

et al. 2008

Environ. Sci. Technol.

173

146

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“…Marufu and Brocard et al used stoves common to Zimbabwe and West Africa, depression-in-the-ground and three-stone stove, respectively; Zhang et al [1999] examined burning of 56 combinations of fuels and stoves commonly used in India and China, and Bertschi et al…”

Section: C1 Biofuelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world

Yevich

Logan

2003

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

626

572

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[1] We present an assessment of biofuel use and agricultural field burning in the developing world. We used information from government statistics, energy assessments from the World Bank, and many technical reports, as well as from discussions with experts in agronomy, forestry, and agro-industries. We estimate that 2060 Tg biomass fuel was used in the developing world in 1985; of this, 66% was burned in Asia, and 21% and 13% in Africa and Latin America, respectively. Agricultural waste supplies about 33% of total biofuel use, providing 39%, 29%, and 13% of biofuel use in Asia, Latin America, and Africa, and 41% and 51% of the biofuel use in India and China. We find that 400 Tg of crop residues are burned in the fields, with the fraction of available residue burned in 1985 ranging from 1% in China, 16-30% in the Middle East and India, to about 70% in Indonesia; in Africa about 1% residue is burned in the fields of the northern drylands, but up to 50% in the humid tropics. We distributed this biomass burning on a spatial grid with resolution of 1°Â 1°, and applied emission factors to the amount of dry matter burned to give maps of trace gas emissions in the developing world. The emissions of CO from biofuel use in the developing world, 156 Tg, are about 50% of the estimated global CO emissions from fossil fuel use and industry. The emission of 0.9 Pg C (as CO 2 ) from burning of biofuels and field residues together is small, but nonnegligible when compared with the emissions of CO 2 from fossil fuel use and industry, 5.3 Pg C. The biomass burning source of 10 Tg/yr for CH 4 and 2.2 Tg N/yr of NO x are relatively small when compared with total CH 4 and NO x sources; this source of NO x may be important on a regional basis.

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“…Numerous studies have been devoted to characterizing emissions from common particulate matter sources including combustion of biomass fuel and fossil fuel commonly utilized in North America Fine et al, 2001;Fine et al, 2002;Hawthorne et al, 1989;Hawthorne et al, 1988;Nolte et al, 1999;Oros and Simoneit, 2000;Oros and Simoneit, 2001a;Oros and Simoneit, 2001b;Rogge et al, 1991;Rogge et al, 1993d;Rogge et al, 1998;Schauer et al, 1999a;Schauer et al, 1999b;Simoneit et al, 1993]. Previous work has been reported that measured emissions of particulate matter mass, CO, and select PAH using a variety of biomass fuels and cook stoves from developing countries [Ezzati et al, 2000;Gupta et al, 1998;Oanh et al, 2002;Oanh et al, 1999;Saksena et al, 1992;Venkataraman et al, 2002;Venkataraman and Rao, 2001;Zhang et al, 1999]. The primary purpose of those studies was to provide a basis for estimating exposure to persons using these devices and fuels daily and/or to compare stove efficiencies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of organic aerosols emitted from the combustion of biomass indigenous to South Asia

et al. 2003

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[1] Throughout South Asia biomass is commonly used as a fuel source for cooking and heating homes. The smoke from domestic use of these fuels is expected to be a major source of atmospheric particulate matter in the region and needs to be characterized for input in regional source apportionment models and global climate models. Biomass fuel samples including coconut leaves, rice straw, jackfruit branches, dried cowdung patties, and biomass briquettes manufactured from compressed biomass material were obtained from Bangladesh. The fuel samples were burned in a wood stove to collect and characterize the particulate matter emissions. The bulk chemical composition including total organic and elemental carbon, sulfate, nitrate, ammonium and chloride ions, and bulk elements such as potassium and sodium did not show conclusive differences among the biomass samples tested. Unique features, however, exist in the detailed organic characterization of the combustion smoke from the different sources. The organic compound fingerprints of the particulate matter are shown to be distinct from one another and distinct from North American wood fuels. Fecal stanols including 5b-stigmastanol, coprostanol, and cholestanol are found to be good molecular markers for the combustion of cowdung. Additionally, the patterns of methoxyphenols and plant sterols provide a unique signature for each biomass sample and are conducive as source apportionment tracers.

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Carbon monoxide from cookstoves in developing countries: 1. Emission factors

Cited by 76 publications

References 15 publications

Emission Characteristics of Carbonaceous Particles from Various Residential Coal-Stoves in China

Emission Characteristics of Carbonaceous Particles from Various Residential Coal-Stoves in China

An assessment of biofuel use and burning of agricultural waste in the developing world

Characterization of organic aerosols emitted from the combustion of biomass indigenous to South Asia

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