Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide from biofuel fires in Kenya

Kituyi, Evans; Marufu, L. T.; Wandiga, Shem O.; Jumba, Isaac O; Andreae, Meinrat O.; Helas, G.

doi:10.1016/s0196-8904(00)00158-8

Cited by 35 publications

(24 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…). Comparatively, higher EFs of NO x from FW could be attributed to the fact that FW burns (flaming condition) mainly in high temperature zone (600-900°C) that leads to the reaction between atmospheric nitrogen and atmospheric oxygen which finally resulted in the thermal formation of NO (Kituyi et al, 2001). In the present study percentage contributions of NO and NO 2 to NO x were 68% and 32%, respectively for FWs.…”

Section: So 2 and No Xmentioning

confidence: 45%

Residential Biomass Burning Emissions over Northwestern Himalayan Region of India: Chemical Characterization and Budget Estimation

Saxena

Sharma

Tomar

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In the present study, we have determined the emission factors (EF) and estimated the emission of particulate matter (PM), organic carbon (OC), elemental carbon (EC), polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), water soluble inorganic constituents (WSIC) and trace gases such as SO 2 , NO and NO 2 from the combustion of biomass fuels (FW: fuel wood and DC: dung cake) used in rural sectors for cooking over Himachal Pradesh (HP), representing the Northwestern Himalayan region of India. The average EFs of PM estimated from FW and DC were 3.44 ± 2.38 and 11.43 ± 1.13 g kg -1 , respectively. OC and EC emission ranged from 0.106 to 3.55 g kg -1 and 0.07 to 0.90 g kg -1 , respectively for variety of biomass fuels. Total emission of PAHs from DC (44.37 mg kg ) noted in this study was almost similar. Similarly, the average EFs of NO x from FW and DC were 0.59 ± 0.49 g kg -1 and 0.34 ± 0.18 g kg -1 , respectively. FWs have comparatively higher SO 2 emission (average: 0.43 ± 0.38 g kg -1 ) than from DC (average: 0.23 ± 0.15 g kg -1 ). Among anionic inorganic constituents emitted from FW, maximum EF was noted for Cl -(0.30 ± 0.26 g kg -1 ). Similarly for cations, highest EF was noted of K + (0.20 ± 0.09 g kg -1 ). Ca 2+ and Na + were the major cationic species identified in plumes of DC burning. Utilizing total annual consumption of biomass fuels and EFs of particulates and trace gases determined in the present study over HP and in the past study (Saud et al., 2011 over Uttarakhand, budget estimates of PM, OC, EC, TC, PAHs, SO 2 and NO x have been determined over the Northwestern Himalayan region. Total annual emission estimated over Northwestern Himalayan region are as:

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Section: So 2 and No Xmentioning

confidence: 45%

Residential Biomass Burning Emissions over Northwestern Himalayan Region of India: Chemical Characterization and Budget Estimation

Saxena

Sharma

Tomar

et al. 2016

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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“…First, emissions factors derived from controlled water boiling tests in simulated kitchens did not reflect emissions from homes during daily cooking activities (8), which would result in a 64% underestimate of CO 2 -e savings in the Meseta Purépecha (3). Variability in individual emissions factors is also not reported in current databases making it impossible to estimate uncertainty in overall CO 2 -e savings (19). Use of emissions estimates not derived from local community-based sampling, even if measured in real homes during daily cooking activities, would still require broad assumptions about fuel types, cooking activities, and combustion efficiencies leaving aside variations as a result of altitude, seasonal, and meteorological factors.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The carbon balance was developed by Crutzen et al (15) for determination of large scale biomass fire emissions and has been commonly employed in stove emissions studies (11,13,(16)(17)(18)(19)(20). The carbon balance requires only a representative emission sample and determination of the total emitted carbon.…”

Section: Carbon Balancementioning

confidence: 99%

“…Emissions measurements that have been conducted in homes have typically consisted of one cooking event and focused on specific emission species rather than comprehensive GHG assessment due to the complex and intrusive equipment (18,19). Removal of this barrier greatly facilitates the measurement of representative emissions factors from homes in communities during normal daily cooking activities.…”

Section: Monitoring In Rural Homes Rather Than Simulated Kitchensmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Quantification of Carbon Savings from Improved Biomass Cookstove Projects

Johnson

Edwards

Ghilardi

et al. 2009

Environ. Sci. Technol.

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In spite of growing interest, a principal obstacle to wider inclusion of improved cookstove projects in carbon trading schemes has been the lack of accountability in estimating CO 2 -equivalent (CO 2 -e) savings. To demonstrate that robust estimates of CO 2 -e savings can be obtained at reasonable cost, an integrated approach of community-based subsampling of traditional and improved stoves in homes to estimate fuel consumption and greenhouse gas emissions, combined with spatially explicit community-based estimates of the fraction of nonrenewable biomass harvesting (fNRB), was used to estimate CO 2 -e savings for 603 homes with improved Patsari stoves in Purépecha communities of Michoacán, Mexico. Mean annual household CO 2 -e savings for CO 2 , CH 4 , CO, and nonmethane hydrocarbons were 3.9 tCO 2 -e home -1 yr -1 (95% CI ( 22%), and for Kyoto gases (CO 2 and CH 4 ) were 3.1 tCO 2 -e home -1 yr -1 (95% CI ( 26%), respectively, using a weighted mean fNRB harvesting of 39%. CO 2 -e savings ranged from 1.6 (95% CI ( 49%) to 7.5 (95% CI ( 17%) tCO 2 -e home -1 yr -1 for renewable and nonrenewable harvesting in individual communities, respectively. Since emission factors, fuel consumption, and fNRB each contribute significantly to the overall uncertainty in estimates of CO 2 -e savings, communitybased assessment of all of these parameters is critical for robust estimates. Reporting overall uncertainty in the CO 2 -e savings estimates provides a mechanism for valuation of carbon offsets, which would promote better accounting that CO 2 -e savings had actually been achieved. Cost of CO 2 -e savings as a result of adoption of Patsari stoves was US$8 per tCO 2 -e based on initial stove costs, monitoring costs, and conservative stove adoption rates, which is ∼4 times less expensive than use of carbon capture and storage from coal plants, and ∼18 times less than solar power. The low relative cost of CO 2 -e abatement of improved stoves combined with substantial health cobenefits through reduction in indoor air pollution provides a strong rationale for targeting these less expensive carbon mitigation options, while providing substantial economic assistance for stove dissemination efforts. IntroductionThere is growing interest in trading carbon offsets from improved stove programs on carbon markets for voluntary reductions, or as part of the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) of the Kyoto Protocol. This interest arises from the large number of people that still cook with biomass (approximately half of the global population) (1), and because emissions of greenhouse gases (GHGs) relative to delivered energy are high as a result of poor total energy efficiency of traditional stoves. There are three principal barriers to more widespread acceptance of carbon offsets from improved biomass cookstove projects. First, measurement and verification of emissions reductions are complex compared to the stack monitors typically used for industrial facilities, as stoves are spread over large areas, often in remote regions. Traditional assess...

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“…Alternatively, sub-sampling of emission factors in homes during normal daily stove use, which has been conducted several times (Johnson et al 2008;Kituyi et al 2001;Ludwig et al 2003;Roden et al 2006), greatly increases accuracy and precision of carbon offsets by using technology and community specific emissions. For example, sampling emissions of 13 Patsari stoves in homes in the Mexican Smith et al (1993) are not included in the graph as uncertainty was not reported.…”

Section: Emission Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved stove programs need robust methods to estimate carbon offsets

2010

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Current standard methods result in significant discrepancies in carbon offset accounting compared to approaches based on representative community based subsamples, which provide more realistic assessments at reasonable cost. Perhaps more critically, neither of the currently approved methods incorporates uncertainties inherent in estimates of emission factors or non-renewable fuel usage (fNRB). Since emission factors and fNRB contribute 25% and 47%, respectively, to the overall uncertainty in offset estimates for Purépecha communities in Mexico, exclusion of this uncertainty is a critical omission. When the recommended uncertainty for default emission factors and the uncertainty associated with regional estimates of fNRB are included the lower 95% confidence intervals of both Clean Development Mechanism and Gold Standard methods exceed the total amount of carbon saved, which would result in zero marketable carbon savings if approaches recommended by the IPCC Good Practice Guidance and Uncertainty Management in National Greenhouse Gas Inventories, or Land use, Land-Use Change and Forestry (LULUCF) are to be followed. In contrast, for the same communities, methods using representative subsamples of emission factors and fuel consumption, combined with communitylevel fNRB estimates, result in significant carbon offsets with a lower 95% confidence interval of 2.3 tCO 2 e home −1 year −1 . Given the misleading estimates, revision of the currently approved methodologies to provide robust estimates of carbon offsets is strongly recommended.

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Carbon monoxide and nitric oxide from biofuel fires in Kenya

Cited by 35 publications

References 26 publications

Residential Biomass Burning Emissions over Northwestern Himalayan Region of India: Chemical Characterization and Budget Estimation

Residential Biomass Burning Emissions over Northwestern Himalayan Region of India: Chemical Characterization and Budget Estimation

Quantification of Carbon Savings from Improved Biomass Cookstove Projects

Improved stove programs need robust methods to estimate carbon offsets

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