Carbon materials for the electrooxidation of nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides toward cytosine methylation detection: a review

Brotons, Ariadna; Vidal‐Iglesias, Francisco J.; Solla-Gullón, José; Iniesta, Jesús

doi:10.1039/c5ay02616d

Cited by 31 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 144 publications

(256 reference statements)

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“…While the peak G ox itself was apparently not influenced by the ambient oxygen, two new peaks appeared during subsequent cathodic scan at −0.54 or −0.46 V when the measurement was performed in the presence of O 2 (for more details see section 3.1.6). Effect of ambient oxygen on guanine oxidation involving radical polymerization processes is a factor which should be taken into consideration: while mechanistic studies of the oxidation of guanine and its derivatives were undertaken without the ambient oxygen , most of the analytical applications did not include oxygen removal . Detection of nucleobase reduction without prior deaeration of the electrolyte on mercury based electrodes is impossible unless chronopotentiometric stripping is used .…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation of Six Natural 2′‐Deoxynucleosides at a Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode in the Presence or Absence of Ambient Oxygen

2019

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Recently we have demonstrated that pyrolytic graphite electrodes (PGE) offer a broad analytically useful potential window, ranging from about −2.0 V to +1.6 V vs. Ag|AgCl|3 M KCl, which enables to use the PGE not only for anodic measurements, but also for direct reduction of nucleobases in DNA oligonucleotides. In this follow‐up study, we have focused on the electrochemical behavior of four 2′‐deoxynucleosides derived from adenine, guanine, cytosine, thymine, uracil, and 5‐methyl cytosine on the PGE. On one hand we have obtained analogous primary redox responses as previously with the oligonucleotides. On the other hand, significant differences were observed, particularly when considering secondary responses involving products of the primary conversions, suggesting involvement of different mechanisms. Further we have found that presence of the ambient oxygen in the electrolyte does not dramatically affect the redox signals of the nucleosides. This finding is in contrast with DNA responses measured at the mercury‐based electrodes, where deaeration prior to the measurements was necessary. We demonstrate that all studied nucleosides can be analyzed using a simple ex situ (medium exchange) procedure.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation of Six Natural 2′‐Deoxynucleosides at a Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode in the Presence or Absence of Ambient Oxygen

2019

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“…The electrochemical activity (i.e., oxidation) of 5mC and other nucleobases can be used to quantify the amount of 5mC present in a target DNA sequence. Since each base poses a definite oxidation potential at most of the conventional electrodes (i.e., carbon, gold or indium tin oxide (ITO)), the magnitude of the oxidation current of 5mC obtained at these electrodes gives the amount of 5mC present in a target DNA (Kato et al, 2013;Brotons et al, 2016a;Brotons et al, 2016b). The direct oxidation based quantification is suffered by the two difficulties.…”

Section: Direct Electrochemical Oxidation Of 5mcmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electrochemical biosensing strategies for DNA methylation analysis

Hossain

Mahmudunnabi

Masud

et al. 2017

Biosensors and Bioelectronics

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DNA methylation is one of the key epigenetic modifications of DNA that results from the enzymatic addition of a methyl group at the fifth carbon of the cytosine base. It plays a crucial role in cellular development, genomic stability and gene expression. Aberrant DNA methylation is responsible for the pathogenesis of many diseases including cancers. Over the past several decades, many methodologies have been developed to detect DNA methylation. These methodologies range from classical molecular biology and optical approaches, such as bisulfite sequencing, microarrays, quantitative real-time PCR, colorimetry, Raman spectroscopy to the more recent electrochemical approaches. Among these, electrochemical approaches offer sensitive, simple, specific, rapid, and cost-effective analysis of DNA methylation. Additionally, electrochemical methods are highly amenable to miniaturization and possess the potential to be multiplexed. In recent years, several reviews have provided information on the detection strategies of DNA methylation. However, to date, there is no comprehensive evaluation of electrochemical DNA methylation detection strategies. Herein, we address the recent developments of electrochemical DNA methylation detection approaches. Furthermore, we highlight the major technical and biological challenges involved in these strategies and provide suggestions for the future direction of this important field.

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“…Various carbon-based surfaces such as graphite paste, glassy carbon and mesoporous carbon have been employed as the detection platform [6][7][8]. Brett et al [9] performed the detection of all Biosensors 2020, 10, 30 2 of 14 four DNA bases using a non-modified glassy carbon electrode (GCE).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Graphene Oxide Nanoribbons in Chitosan for Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Guanine, Adenine, Thymine and Cytosine

Zhou

Noroozifar

et al. 2020

Biosensors

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Herein, graphene oxide nanoribbons (GONRs) were obtained from the oxidative unzipping of multi-walled carbon nanotubes. Covalent coupling reaction of 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and N-hydroxy succinimide (NHS) with amine functional groups (-NH2) of the chitosan natural polymer (CH) was used for entrapping GONRs on the activated glassy carbon electrode (GCE/GONRs-CH). The nanocomposite was characterized by high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). In addition, the modification steps were monitored using FTIR. The nanocomposite-modified electrode was used for the simultaneous electrochemical determination of four DNA bases; guanine (G), adenine (A), thymine (T) and cytosine (C). The nanocomposite-modified GCE displayed a strong, stable and continuous four oxidation peaks during electrochemistry detection at potentials 0.63, 0.89, 1.13 and 1.27 V for G, A, T and C, respectively. The calibration curves were linear up to 256, 172, 855 and 342 μM with detection limits of 0.002, 0.023, 1.330 and 0.641 μM for G, A, T and C, respectively. The analytical performance of the GCE/GONRs-CH has been used for the determination of G, A, T and C in real samples and obtained a recovery percentage from 91.1%–104.7%. Our preliminary results demonstrated that GCE/GONRs-CH provided a promising platform to detect all four DNA bases for future studies on DNA damage and mutations.

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Carbon materials for the electrooxidation of nucleobases, nucleosides and nucleotides toward cytosine methylation detection: a review

Abstract: The application of different carbon materials such as graphite, glassy carbon, boron-doped diamond, carbon nanofibers, carbon nanotubes and graphene for the electrooxidation of DNA-related molecules toward cytosine methylation electroanalytical monitoring is reviewed.

Cited by 31 publications

References 144 publications

Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation of Six Natural 2′‐Deoxynucleosides at a Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode in the Presence or Absence of Ambient Oxygen

Electrochemical Reduction and Oxidation of Six Natural 2′‐Deoxynucleosides at a Pyrolytic Graphite Electrode in the Presence or Absence of Ambient Oxygen

Electrochemical biosensing strategies for DNA methylation analysis

Graphene Oxide Nanoribbons in Chitosan for Simultaneous Electrochemical Detection of Guanine, Adenine, Thymine and Cytosine

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