Carbon isotope values for grasses in Madagascar's Central Highlands establish baselines for historical and paleoecological research

Abstract

Societal Impact StatementGrasses are significant drivers of fires and are the primary food source for cattle in Madagascar's Central Highlands. However, their extent and importance to animals and people in the past remain poorly understood. Clarifying the history of Malagasy grasslands is necessary for building climate resilient food systems and supporting carbon stores that also conserve biodiversity. We generated chemical data for grasses that grow in open habitats in central Madagascar, which will help improve our understanding of the ecological and economic importance of modern grassy ecosystems, reconstruct the regional history of grasses, and anticipate how vegetation may respond to changing climate and rising atmospheric carbon dioxide levels.Summary Stable carbon isotope (δ13C) data for Malagasy grasses are needed to establish expected values for C3 and C4 grasses from particular regions in Madagascar, and possible differences among different grass lineages, or species with different distributions or adaptations. These data, in turn, may help inform how widespread grasses were in the past, and the importance of grasses to endemic and domesticated animals as well as people over time. We analysed both δ13C and weight %C:N from 63 Poaceae species that grow in open grassy biomes in Madagascar's Central Highlands and explored how these values relate to multiple variables, including encounter frequency, distribution, lineage, adaptations to grazing and fire and the typical floral assemblage in which each species occurs. Of the species sampled, 56 are C4 and seven are C3. There are no differences in δ13C or weight %C:N among either C3 or C4 species with different distributions or adaptations, from different assemblages, or that are frequently or infrequently encountered. However, there are differences in both δ13C and weight %C:N among C4 lineages, and the single C3 arundinoid (Styppeiochloa hitchcockii) has larger weight %C:N than C3 Paniceae. Our results provide a foundation for evaluating reliance on C4 resources by people, as well as domesticated and endemic animals both today and in the past. We encourage gathering additional comparative data for co‐occurring individual plants from the same open grassy biome localities, as well as other species, habitats and regions in Madagascar.

Lavaka (erosional gullies) provide productive patch environments for flora and farming in Madagascar's grassy highlands

“…Finally, as pointed out by Crowley et al (2023), ‘clarifying the history of Malagasy grasslands is necessary for building climate resilient food systems and supporting carbon stores that also conserve biodiversity’. Understanding the role of lavaka in the grassy biome is critical to these goals.…”

“…, as pointed out byCrowley et al (2023), 'clarifying the history of Malagasy grasslands is necessary for building climate resilient food systems and supporting carbon stores that also conserve biodiversity'. Understanding the role of lavaka in the grassy biome is critical to these goals.AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSR onadh Cox conceived the paper and wrote most of the initial draft, which was based on fieldwork and observations collected over many years.…”