Carbon gain in a multispecies canopy: the role of specific leaf area and photosynthetic nitrogen‐use efficiency in the tragedy of the commons

Schieving, Feike; Poorter, Hendrik

doi:10.1046/j.1469-8137.1999.00431.x

Cited by 137 publications

(142 citation statements)

References 38 publications

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“…NS = not significant potential, also enable them to compete more effectively for light (Schieving and Poorter 1999). Indeed Joshi and Vrieling (2005) found that invasive J. vulgaris plants produced significantly higher biomass and had 37 % higher reproductive output compared to native plants in a common garden experiment after 8 months growth.…”

Section: Growth Traits and Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Enemies lost: parallel evolution in structural defense and tolerance to herbivory of invasive Jacobaea vulgaris

et al. 2015

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According to the Shifting Defense Hypothesis, invasive plants should trade-off their costly quantitative defense to cheaper qualitative defense and growth due to the lack of natural specialist enemies and the presence of generalist enemies in the introduced areas. Several studies showed that plant genotypes from the invasive areas had a better qualitative defense than genotypes from the native area but only a few studies have focused on the quantitative defenses and tolerance ability. We compared structural defenses, tolerance and growth between invasive and native plant populations from different continents using the model plant Jacobaea vulgaris. We examined several microscopical structure traits, toughness, amount of cell wall proteins, growth and root-shoot ratio, which is a proxy for tolerance. The results show that invasive Jacobaea vulgaris have thinner leaves, lower leaf mass area, lower leaf cell wall protein contents and a lower root-shoot ratio than native genotypes. It indicates that invasive genotypes have poorer structural defense and tolerance to herbivory but potentially higher growth compared to native genotypes. These findings are in line with the Evolution of Increased Competitive Ability hypothesis and Shifting Defense Hypothesis. We also show that the invasiveness of this species in three geographically separated regions is consistently associated with the loss of parts of its quantitative defense and tolerance ability. The simultaneous change in quantitative defense and tolerance of the same magnitude and direction in the three invasive regions can be explained by parallel evolution. We argue that such parallel evolution might be attributed to the absence of natural enemies rather than adaptation to local abiotic factors, since climate conditions among these three regions were different. Understanding such evolutionary changes helps to understand why plant species become invasive and might be important for biological control.

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Section: Growth Traits and Tolerancementioning

confidence: 99%

Enemies lost: parallel evolution in structural defense and tolerance to herbivory of invasive Jacobaea vulgaris

et al. 2015

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“…In contrast, tall species can compete for light during the whole growing season and should therefore be affected similarly by additional shading in early or late season. Shading in late season might even affect tall species more than short species because the investment in tall supporting structures and large leaf area might not pay off if the whole plant suddenly becomes shaded (Henry and Aarssen 1997;Schieving and Poorter 1999). However, these seasonal effects have not yet been demonstrated experimentally.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Foster and Gross 1998;Jensen and Schrautzer 1999;Zobel 2001), though few studies have directly investigated how species coexistence in grasslands depends on light availability. In dense and tall vegetation, light limitation is caused by the plant canopy itself, which creates a vertical light gradient (Hirose and Werger 1995;Anten and Hirose 1999;Schieving and Poorter 1999). The persistence of species in the lower canopy layers depends on their ability to tolerate low-light conditions, or to grow during periods with greater light availability (Yoshie 1995;Stuefer and Huber 1998).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Progressive effects of shading on experimental wetland communities over three years

Edelkraut

Güsewell

2005

Plant Ecol

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To investigate how the composition of wetland communities changes over time in response to altered light regimes, experimental communities of five Carex and four grass species were subjected to artificial shading (continuous or seasonal) in a three-year field experiment. Shoot number and size was measured after six weeks, and shoot biomass was harvested five times during the experiment. Communities were initially dominated by three grass species in all treatments, but subsequently, the Carex species increased and reached dominance in the control plots, whereas grasses remained dominant in the shaded plots. Shading had no effect on the biomass of communities or of single species in the first year. In the second year, community biomass was still unaffected, but shading reduced the biomass of three Carex species and also reduced species diversity. In the third year, shading reduced community biomass and all Carex species, but not species diversity. The greater shade tolerance of the grasses could not be explained by differences in morphological plasticity: after six weeks of growth all species had increased shoot height in response to shade by 40 -70%. Grasses were hardly more plastic than Carex species. We propose that the long-term success of the Carex species in full light was due to a high allocation of biomass to belowground parts, which may have reduced losses caused by repeated harvesting of shoots (a simulation of management in productive wet meadows). Shading probably caused the Carex plants to change their allocation pattern, and thus prevented their progressive increase.

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“…de N orgânico expressado por unidade de AF (Schieving & Poorter 1999). Segundo Garnier et al (1995), a eficiência pela qual uma espécie utiliza N para crescer, ou seja, uma correlação positiva entre REN e AFE, se dá pelos seguintes aspectos: diferenças entre as espécies na absorção da luz nas folhas, variações na proporção de compostos de N orgânico alocado pela fotossíntese, funções não fotossintéticas, diferenças nos tempos de assimilação de CO 2 por unidade de N fotossintético, diferenças na quantidade de fotorespiração e pelas diferenças no conteúdo de N por unidade de AF.…”

Section: Resultsunclassified

Crescimento, eficiência fotossintética e eficiência do uso da água em quatro espécies de leguminosas arbóreas tropicais

Pinzón-Torres

Schiavinato

2008

Hoehnea

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-(Growth, photosynthetic and water use efficiency in four tropical tree legume species of). The series of studies covering variables of growth and photosynthetic parameters helps to clarify the relationship between individuals of a plant community. The objective of this study was to evaluate the growth, photosynthetic and water use efficiency in four legume trees in a period of three months under conditions of a greenhouse. It was observed that Myroxylon peruiferum showed higher values for the rate of relative growth, the ratio of leaf area and the mass leaf and greater leaf specific area, compared with the other three species. But, this species did not presente the highest photosynthetic rate, as consequence of increased investment in leaf area. All species, except Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus showed the same efficiency in the use of water. Although M. peruiferum does not fix atmospheric nitrogen through symbiosis with rhizobia, it seems to be an efficient species to use the nitrogen available in the soil for the production of biomass. Key words: Centrolobium tomentosum, Inga vera, Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus, Myroxylon peruiferumRESUMO -(Crescimento, eficiência fotossintética e eficiência do uso da água em quatro espécies de leguminosas arbóreas tropicais). O conjunto de estudos que abrangem variáveis de crescimento e parâmetros fotossintéticos ajuda a esclarecer as relações entre os indivíduos de uma comunidade vegetal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento, a eficiência fotossintética e a eficiência no uso da água em quatro leguminosas arbóreas, durante três meses, sob condições de casa de vegetação. Foi observado que Myroxylon peruiferum apresentou os maiores valores quanto à taxa de crescimento relativo, razão de área foliar e de massa foliar e maior área foliar específica, quando comparada com as outras três espécies. Porém, não apresentou a maior taxa fotossintética, como consequência do maior investimento em área foliar. Todas as espécies, exceto Lonchocarpus muehlbergianus apresentaram a mesma eficiência do uso da água. Embora M. peruiferum não fixe nitrogênio atmosférico por meio de simbiose com rizóbios, se observou que é uma espécie eficiente para aproveitar o nitrogênio disponível no solo para a produção de biomassa. IntroduçãoNa composição e estrutura das florestas tropicais, as leguminosas apresentam uma alta diversidade de gêneros e espécies (Moreira et al. 1992). Não obstante, estas espécies devem se adaptar morfológica e fisiologicamente às diversas condições ambientais para determinar a sua competitividade dentro da comunidade vegetal.As adaptações morfológicas variam segundo a alocação da biomassa, que pode se manifestar pelo incremento em massa, volume, comprimento ou área das diferentes estruturas da planta, o que é avaliado como crescimento (Gloser & Gloser 1996).Quanto às adaptações fisiológicas, Hall et al. (1993) mencionam que existem quatro fatores relacionados à fotossíntese que influenciam no incremento da biomassa: (i) a quantidade de luz incidente, que é det...

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Carbon gain in a multispecies canopy: the role of specific leaf area and photosynthetic nitrogen‐use efficiency in the tragedy of the commons

Cited by 137 publications

References 38 publications

Enemies lost: parallel evolution in structural defense and tolerance to herbivory of invasive Jacobaea vulgaris

Enemies lost: parallel evolution in structural defense and tolerance to herbivory of invasive Jacobaea vulgaris

Progressive effects of shading on experimental wetland communities over three years

Crescimento, eficiência fotossintética e eficiência do uso da água em quatro espécies de leguminosas arbóreas tropicais

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