Carbon Flux and Growth in Mature Deciduous Forest Trees Exposed to Elevated CO
            <sub>2</sub>

Körner, Christian; Asshoff, Roman; Bignucolo, Olivier; Hättenschwiler, Stephan; Keel, Sonja G.; Peláez-Riedl, Susanna; Pépin, Steeve; Siegwolf, Rolf; Zotz, Gerhard

doi:10.1126/science.1113977

Cited by 496 publications

(449 citation statements)

References 29 publications

(32 reference statements)

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“…5) agrees with previous studies suggesting that the effect of rising CO 2 concentration would be higher in arid sites (Idso and Idso, 1994;Knapp et al, 2001;Soulé and Knapp, 2006) because the increase in WUE would reduce the drought stress of plants (Morison, 1993), although studies in trees are not conclusive (e.g. Jacoby and D'Arrigo, 1997;Kienast and Luxmoore, 1988;Körner et al, 2005). Furthermore, an improvement of WUE caused by increasing CO 2 concentration has already been suggested in black pine in the Austrian Alps (Leal et al, 2008) and for other species in the Mediterranean (Martínez-Vilalta et al, 2008;Rathgeber et al, 2000) and North America (Knapp et al, 2001).…”

Section: Radial Growth Trends and Their Climatic Driverssupporting

confidence: 79%

Black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) growth divergence along a latitudinal gradient in Western Mediterranean mountains

Martín-Benito¹,

Rı́o²,

Cañellas³

2010

Ann. For. Sci.

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Abstract• Most studies of tree-growth and climate report positive responses to global warming in high latitudes and negative responses at lower ones.• We analyzed tree-ring width of Pinus nigra Arn. along a 500 km latitudinal transect in the Iberian Peninsula to study the temporal trend and climate forcing in tree radial growth during the last century.• Tree growth was enhanced by cool summers and moist cold seasons. Increased moisture stress has decreased tree growth rates. However, we present evidence of growth increases in some trees in all sampled populations after 1980's. Climate change negatively (positively) affected between 72% (5%) of trees in the southern populations and 40% (25%) in the north Trees with positive growth trends were favored by winter temperatures and their abundance was inversely correlated with forest productivity.• Our findings add evidences of tree growth divergence in the Mediterranean basin and show the gradual transition between forests where positive (temperate and boreal) and negative (Mediterranean) growth trends dominate. Mots-clés :tendances de croissance / changement climatique / dendroécologie / Pinus nigra / stress hydrique Résumé -Écarts de croissance chez le pin noir (Pinus nigra Arn.) le long d'un gradient latitudinal dans les montagnes de l'Ouest méditerranéen.• La plupart des études sur la croissance de l'arbre en relation avec le climat rapportent des réponses positives au réchauffement climatique dans les hautes latitudes et des réponses négatives dans les basses latitudes.• Pour étudier l'évolution temporelle et le forçage climatique dans la croissance radiale des arbres au cours du siècle dernier, nous avons analysé la largeur des cernes chez Pinus nigra Arn. le long d'un transect latitudinal de 500 km dans la Péninsule Ibérique.• La croissance des arbres a été augmentée par des étés frais et des saisons froides humides. L'augmentation du stress hydrique a diminué les taux de croissance des arbres. Cependant, nous présentons la preuve de l'augmentation de la croissance de certains arbres dans toutes les populations échan-tillonnées après 1980. Le changement climatique a négativement (positivement) affecté entre 72 % (5 %) des arbres dans les populations du Sud et 40 % (25 %) dans les arbres du Nord avec des tendances de croissance positives qui ont été favorisées par les températures hivernales et leur abondance étaient inversement corrélée à la productivité forestière.• Nos résultats ajoutent des preuves de la divergence de croissance des arbres dans le bassin mé-diterranéen et montrent la transition progressive entre les forêts où les tendances positives (zones tempérées et boréales) et négatives (zone méditerranéenne) de croissance dominent.

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Section: Radial Growth Trends and Their Climatic Driverssupporting

confidence: 79%

Black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) growth divergence along a latitudinal gradient in Western Mediterranean mountains

Martín-Benito¹,

Rı́o²,

Cañellas³

2010

Ann. For. Sci.

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“…Recent observations of older and larger deciduous trees in a mature Swiss forest (43) demonstrated that physiological responses (e.g., photosynthesis, foliar N and nonstructural carbohydrate concentrations) were similar to those of younger trees, thereby increasing our confidence that our results are more generally relevant. NPP and stand-level growth responses could not be measured in the Swiss study, but stem basal area increment was not significantly stimulated by elevated CO 2 .…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 53%

Forest response to elevated CO₂is conserved across a broad range of productivity

Norby

DeLucia

Gielen

et al. 2005

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

913

746

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Climate change predictions derived from coupled carbon-climate models are highly dependent on assumptions about feedbacks between the biosphere and atmosphere. One critical feedback occurs if C uptake by the biosphere increases in response to the fossil-fuel driven increase in atmospheric [CO 2] (''CO2 fertilization''), thereby slowing the rate of increase in atmospheric [CO 2]. Carbon exchanges between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere are often first represented in models as net primary productivity (NPP). However, the contribution of CO 2 fertilization to the future global C cycle has been uncertain, especially in forest ecosystems that dominate global NPP, and models that include a feedback between terrestrial biosphere metabolism and atmospheric [CO 2] are poorly constrained by experimental evidence. We analyzed the response of NPP to elevated CO 2 (Ϸ550 ppm) in four free-air CO 2 enrichment experiments in forest stands. We show that the response of forest NPP to elevated [CO 2] is highly conserved across a broad range of productivity, with a stimulation at the median of 23 ؎ 2%. At low leaf area indices, a large portion of the response was attributable to increased light absorption, but as leaf area indices increased, the response to elevated [CO 2] was wholly caused by increased light-use efficiency. The surprising consistency of response across diverse sites provides a benchmark to evaluate predictions of ecosystem and global models and allows us now to focus on unresolved questions about carbon partitioning and retention, and spatial variation in NPP response caused by availability of other growth limiting resources.CO2 fertilization ͉ global change ͉ leaf area index ͉ net primary productivity A nalysis and prediction of the effects of human activities, particularly the combustion of fossil fuels, on climate and the biological, physical, and social responses to changing climate require an integrated view of the complex interactions between the biosphere and atmosphere. Carbon cycle models are now being coupled to atmosphere-ocean general circulation climate models to achieve a dynamic analysis of the relationships between C emissions, atmospheric chemistry, biosphere activity, and climatic change (1-3).Exchanges between the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere are represented in models using empirical and theoretical expressions of net primary productivity (NPP), the net fixation of C by green plants into organic matter, or the difference between photosynthesis and plant respiration. Because the photosynthetic uptake of carbon that drives NPP is not saturated at current atmospheric concentrations (4), NPP should increase as fossilfuel combustion adds to the atmospheric [CO 2 ]. Increased C uptake into the biosphere in response to rising [CO 2 ] (''CO 2 fertilization'') can create a negative feedback that slows the rate of increase in atmospheric [CO 2 ] (3, 5). Hence, assumptions regarding CO 2 fertilization of the terrestrial biosphere greatly affect predictions of future atmospheric [CO 2 ] (3)...

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“…Calvin and Benson followed the fate of 14 C-labeled compounds to elucidate the metabolic pathway that bears their name. Currently, studies measure the capability of trees to take up carbon dioxide in response to elevated atmospheric levels (Korner et al, 2005).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Students' Ability to Trace Matter in Dynamic Systems in Cell Biology

Wilson

Anderson

Heidemann

et al. 2006

LSE

108

109

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College-level biology courses contain many complex processes that are often taught and learned as detailed narratives. These processes can be better understood by perceiving them as dynamic systems that are governed by common fundamental principles. Conservation of matter is such a principle, and thus tracing matter is an essential step in learning to reason about biological processes. We present here multiple-choice questions that measure students' ability and inclination to trace matter through photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Data associated with each question come from students in a large undergraduate biology course that was undergoing a shift in instructional strategy toward making fundamental principles (such as tracing matter) a central theme. We also present findings from interviews with students in the course. Our data indicate that 1) many students are not using tracing matter as a tool to reason about biological processes, 2) students have particular difficulties tracing matter between systems and have a persistent tendency to interconvert matter and energy, and 3) instructional changes seem to be effective in promoting application of the tracing matter principle. Using these items as diagnostic tools allows instructors to be proactive in addressing students' misconceptions and ineffective reasoning.

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Carbon Flux and Growth in Mature Deciduous Forest Trees Exposed to Elevated CO ₂

Cited by 496 publications

References 29 publications

Black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) growth divergence along a latitudinal gradient in Western Mediterranean mountains

Black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) growth divergence along a latitudinal gradient in Western Mediterranean mountains

Forest response to elevated CO₂is conserved across a broad range of productivity

Assessing Students' Ability to Trace Matter in Dynamic Systems in Cell Biology

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Carbon Flux and Growth in Mature Deciduous Forest Trees Exposed to Elevated CO 2

Cited by 496 publications

References 29 publications

Black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) growth divergence along a latitudinal gradient in Western Mediterranean mountains

Black pine (Pinus nigra Arn.) growth divergence along a latitudinal gradient in Western Mediterranean mountains

Forest response to elevated CO2is conserved across a broad range of productivity

Assessing Students' Ability to Trace Matter in Dynamic Systems in Cell Biology

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Carbon Flux and Growth in Mature Deciduous Forest Trees Exposed to Elevated CO ₂

Forest response to elevated CO₂is conserved across a broad range of productivity