Carbon fiber sizing agents based on renewable terpenes

Pawar, Sujit S.; Hutchinson, Sally A.; Eyckens, Daniel J.; Stojcevski, Filip; Hayne, David J.; Gengenbach, Thomas R.; Razal, Joselito M.; Henderson, Luke C.

doi:10.1016/j.compscitech.2022.109280

Cited by 14 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…These improvements are minor, although they agree with the previously determined tensile strength following the application of the single-acrylate-modified borneol. 6 Regarding tensile modulus (Figure 3B), modification of the carbon fiber surface with either amine-or thiol-derived compounds resulted in an increase. However, this was only statistically significant in the case of the amine-containing surface.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…In our previous work, the use of borneol (Figure 1) as a sizing agent showed excellent potential to enhance the interfacial adhesion of carbon fibers with an epoxy resin. 6 Within that study, a single-acrylate group was added to the original organic scaffold to facilitate the reaction with the carbon fiber surface chemistry. Simple chemical manipulation of an analogous starting scaffold (camphor quinone) enables the formation of a bis-alcohol that can bear two acrylate moieties (Figure 2).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…(iii) Reaction of the sizing with the amine-containing hardener only, bypassing any interaction with the carbon fiber surface. Data in red (single acrylate) is provided from a previous publication 6 have seen increases. 9,22−25 Interestingly, improvements in tensile strength were identified following treatment with sizing 1 for both the amine-and thiol-derived fibers compared to their unsized counterparts.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The application of sizing 1 resulted in similar values for both the unsized amine and thiol surfaces, but notably, it did not mask the improvements as the single-acrylate sizing previously did. 6 Finally, the IFSS was investigated as an indicator of interfacial adhesion in an epoxy resin (Figure 3C). The application of sizing 1 performed similarly to the previous finding of incorporating acrylate-modified sizing agents onto the carbon fiber, with significant increases in IFSS for both the amine and thiol surfaces above the unsized precursors and a marked improvement in IFSS over the control fibers.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Designing Carbon Fiber Composite Interfaces: Reactive Sizing Derived from Terpenes

Pawar

Hutchinson

Eyckens

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

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Terpenes, typically obtained from conifer plants, were chemically modified to include functional groups that could react with both the surface of carbon fiber and the surrounding epoxy resin. This strategy was coupled with the installation of reactive amines (NH2) and thiols (SH) on the fiber surface to specifically react with these sizings. Increases in interfacial shear strength (IFSS) up to 195% were observed for fibers coated in these reactive sizings in combination with the tailored surface chemistry. Improvements in IFSS were also observed for unmodified fibers, suggesting passive functionalization. The presence of persistent carbon-centered radicals was proposed as a way that the fiber surface could react with the sizing agents, stabilized by the inherent high degree of conjugation present within the fiber structure. Interrogating commercially available carbon fiber via electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy confirmed the presence of radicals within or on the carbon fiber surface (g-value = 1.9984).

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Designing Carbon Fiber Composite Interfaces: Reactive Sizing Derived from Terpenes

Pawar

Hutchinson

Eyckens

et al. 2023

Ind. Eng. Chem. Res.

Self Cite

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“…The sizing is a highly proprietary coating on virgin carbon fibers, which enhances cross‐linking between fiber and matrix and strengthens the fiber‐matrix interface; thus, its absence in recycled fibers affects the modulus and strength of the final cured part. Reapplying the sizing on these recycled fibers could likely improve the mechanical properties of the resulting rCFRCs; however, due to its unknown nature, [37] re‐sizing can only be carried out by the fiber manufacturer. Composites made of fibers recycled using DC heating fared significantly better when compared against composites made using conventionally recycled fibers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Recycle and Reuse of Continuous Carbon Fibers from Thermoset Composites Using Joule Heating

et al. 2022

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This study demonstrates a new and sustainable methodology for recycling continuous carbon fibers from end-of-life thermoset composite parts using Joule heating. This process addresses the longstanding challenge of efficiently recovering carbon fibers from composite scrap and reusing them to make fresh composites. The conductive carbon fibers volumetrically heat up when an electric current is passed through them, which in turn rapidly heats up the surrounding matrix sufficiently to degrade it. Fibers can be easily separated from the degraded matrix after the direct current (DC) heating process. Fibers reclaimed using this method were characterized to determine their tensile properties and surface chemistry, and compared against both as-received fibers and fibers recycled using conventional oven pyrolysis. The DC-and oven-recycled fibers yielded similar elastic modulus when compared against asreceived fibers; however, an around 10-15 % drop was observed in the tensile strength of fibers recycled using either method. Surface characterization showed that DC-recycled fibers and asreceived fibers had similar types of functional groups. To demonstrate the reusability of recycled fibers, composites were fabricated by impregnation with epoxy resin and curing. The mechanical properties of these recycled carbon fiber composites (rCFRCs) were compared against conventional recycling methods, and similar modulus and tensile strength values were obtained. This study establishes DC heating as a scalable out-ofoven approach for recycling carbon fibers.

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Bio‐based semi‐aromatic waterborne PIEK‐C sizing agent to construct a robust interface for CF/PEEK composites

Xie,

Zhuang,

Pei

et al. 2024

Polymer Composites

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Despite the impressing advances on sizing agents for CF/PEEK composites, the aromatic backbone of the polymer precursors utilized in the vast majority of reports compromises the dispersity and ductility of the slurry, subsequently resulting in inferior overall performance of the composites. Meanwhile, most resins employed for sizing agents in existing reports are based on petroleum resources. Herein, a bio‐based waterborne sizing agent utilizing semi‐aromatic poly ether ketones (PIEK‐C) derived from isosorbide and phenolphthalein has been disclosed, featured by its salutary dispersity, exceptional thermal stability, higher glass transition temperatures, and broader applicability. Due to the structural similarity between the sizing and resin matrix, the protocol endowed CF/PEEK composites with ameliorated overall performance, addressing issues related to inadequate adhesion of CF with PEEK resin, as well as environmental pollution commonly associated with existing commercial epoxy and solvent‐based sizing agents. The Tg and T5% of PIEK‐C‐5050 were 205.08 and 427.16°C, respectively. The particle size range of the PIEK‐C sizing agents spanned from 66.32 to 84.63 nm. The flexural strength and interlaminar shear strength of the composites experienced a respective 993.92 MPa (30.73%) and 83.32 MPa (36.97%) increase compared to untreated CF/PEEK composites following sizing treatment with PIEK‐C‐5050, underscoring expedient intermolecular interactions based on comparable solubility and π‐π stacking effects between the PEEK and PIEK‐C components. This study introduced an efficient and eco‐friendly approach to enhance the interfacial properties of CF/PEEK composites.Highlights PIEK‐C resin is employed for the first time to prepare carbon fiber sizing agents. The PIEK‐C sizing agent significantly fortified the surface energy and wettability of carbon fibers. The CF/PEEK composites after treatment with PIEK‐C sizing agent showed excellent heat resistance. The ILSS and bending strength of the composites were significantly increased by 36.97% and 30.73%, respectively.

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Carbon fiber sizing agents based on renewable terpenes

Cited by 14 publications

References 28 publications

Designing Carbon Fiber Composite Interfaces: Reactive Sizing Derived from Terpenes

Designing Carbon Fiber Composite Interfaces: Reactive Sizing Derived from Terpenes

Recycle and Reuse of Continuous Carbon Fibers from Thermoset Composites Using Joule Heating

Bio‐based semi‐aromatic waterborne PIEK‐C sizing agent to construct a robust interface for CF/PEEK composites

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