Carbon export in the naturally iron-fertilized Kerguelen area of the Southern Ocean based on the <sup>234</sup>Th approach

Abstract

Abstract. The Kerguelen Plateau region in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean supports annually a large-scale phytoplankton bloom which is naturally fertilized with iron. As part of the second KErguelen Ocean and Plateau compared Study expedition (KEOPS2) in austral spring (October–November 2011), we examined upper-ocean Particulate Organic Carbon (POC) export using the 234Th approach. We aimed at characterizing the spatial and the temporal variability of POC export production at high productivity sites over and downstream the Kerguelen plateau. Export production is compared to a High Nutrient Low Chlorophyll area upstream of the plateau in order to assess the impact of iron-induced productivity on the vertical export of carbon. Deficits in 234Th activities relative to its parent nuclide 238U were observed at all stations in surface waters, indicating that scavenging by particles occurred during the early stages of the phytoplankton bloom. 234Th export was lowest at reference station R-2 (412 ± 134 dpm m–2 d–1) and highest inside a~permanent meander of the Polar Front (PF) at stations E (1995 ± 176 dpm m–2 d–1, second visit E-3) where a detailed time series was obtained as part of a~pseudo-lagrangian study. 234Th export over the central plateau was relatively limited at station A3 early (776 ± 171 dpm m–2 d–1, first visit A3-1) and late in the survey (993 ± 223 dpm m–2 d–1, second visit A3-2), but it was higher at high biomass stations TNS-8 (1372 ± 255 dpm m–2 d–1) and E-4W (1068 ± 208 dpm m–2 d–1) in waters which could be considered as derived from plateau. Limited 234Th export of 973 ± 207 dpm m–2 d–1 was also found in the northern branch of the Kerguelen bloom located downstream of the island, north of the PF (station F-L). The 234Th results support that Fe fertilization increased particle export in all iron fertilized waters. The impact was greatest in the recirculation feature (3–4 fold at 200 m depth), but more moderate over the central Kerguelen plateau and in the northern plume of the Kerguelen bloom (∼2-fold at 200 m depth). The C : Th ratio of large (> 53 μm) potentially sinking particles collected via sequential filtration using in situ pumping (ISP) systems were used to convert the 234Th flux into a POC export flux. The C : Th ratios of sinking particles were highly variable (range: 3.1 ± 0.1–10.5 ± 0.2 μmol dpm–1) with no clear site related trend, despite the variety of ecosystem responses in the fertilized regions. C : Th ratios showed a decreasing trend between 100 and 200 m depth suggesting preferential loss of carbon relative to 234Th possibly due to heterotrophic degradation and/or grazing activity. Comparison of the C : Th ratios within sinking particles obtained with the drifting sediment traps showed in most cases very good agreement to those collected via ISP deployments (> 53 μm particles). Carbon export production varied between 3.5 ± 0.9 mmol m–2 d–1 and 11.8 ± 1.3 mmol m–2 d–1 from the upper 100 m and between 1.8 ± 0.9 mmol m–2 d–1 and 8.2 ± 0.9 mmol m–2 d–1 from the upper 200 m. Highest export production was found inside the PF meander with a range of 5.4 ± 0.7 mmol m–2 d–1 to 11.8 ± 1.1 mmol m–2 d–1 at 100 m depth decreasing to 5.3 ± 1.0 mmol m–2 d–1 to 8.2 ± 0.8 mmol m–2 d–1 at 200 m depth over the 19 day survey period. The impact of Fe fertilization is highest inside the PF meander with 2.9- up to 4.5-fold higher carbon flux at 200 m depth in comparison to the HNLC control station. The impact of Fe fertilization was significantly less over the central plateau (stations A3 and E-4W) and in the northern branch of the bloom (station F-L) with 1.6- up to 2.0-fold higher carbon flux compared to the reference station R. Export efficiencies (ratio of export to primary production) were particularly variable with relatively high values in the recirculation feature (6–27%) and low values (1–5%) over the central plateau (station A3) and north of the PF (station F-L) indicating spring biomass accumulation. Comparison with KEOPS1 results indicated that carbon export production is much lower during the onset of the bloom in austral spring in comparison to the peak and declining phase in late summer.

Early spring mesopelagic carbon remineralization and transfer efficiency in the naturally iron-fertilized Kerguelen area

“…During KEOPS 1, r ratios (MR / EP) remained low, ranging from 7 to 9 % of EP at A3, while during KEOPS 2, r ratios were slightly higher but decreased from 29 % (A3-1; first visit) to 13 %, 27 days later (A3-2; second visit). This variation in r ratio during KEOPS 2 is mostly due to an increase of EP (from 47 to 85 mg C m −2 day −1 ; Planchon et al, 2014) over the same period while MR showed little change. Although at this early stage of the season (spring) PP at A3-2 had already reached 2172 mg C m −2 day −1 , EP remained relatively low (85 mg C m −2 day −1 ).…”

“…up to the 0.01 % PAR level . EP data were estimated from 234 Th activities and 234 Th / POC ratios and are discussed in Planchon et al (2014). The thorium method integrates POC export over a 1-month period ( 234 Th half live is 24.1 days).…”

“…Passow and Carlson, 2012;Robinson et al, 2014;Schneider et al, 2008). To address these questions, we defined two ratios: (1) the mesopelagic C remineralization efficiency (r ratio in Table 2), which is the ratio of mesopelagic C remineralization (MR, based on the DWA Ba xs concentrations) over C export (EP) from the 150 m horizon (based on 234 Th, see Planchon et al, 2014), and (2) the C transfer efficiency at 400 and 800 m (i.e. T400, T800 in Table 2), which is the fraction of C export (EP) at 150 m passing through the 400 m (T400) or the 800 m (T800) horizons (e.g.…”

“…The same area was visited earlier in 2005 during summer at a late stage of the bloom (KEOPS 1; January-February 2005), offering a unique opportunity to estimate the main carbon fluxes over most of the growth sea- son. Mesopelagic C remineralization estimates are compared to particle and biological parameters as reported in other papers included in this issue Christaki et al, 2014;Dehairs et al, 2014;Laurenceau-Cornec et al, 2015;Planchon et al, 2014;van der Merve et al, 2015) and in Blain et al (2007), Christaki et al (2008), Jacquet et al (2008a), Park et al (2008) and Savoye et al (2008).…”

Sourcing the iron in the naturally fertilised bloom around the Kerguelen Plateau: particulate trace metal dynamics

“…The extremely low carbon content of the sediment at station R-2, as evidenced by its near white colour, low diatom content (L. Armand, pers. obs., 2012) and low carbon export flux Planchon et al, 2014), suggests that MnO 2 enrichment in the surface sediments during redox cycling is more likely at R-2.…”