Carbon emissions of plug-in electric vehicles in Malta: A policy review

The environment-friendly nature of E-vehicles (electric vehicles) coupled with higher energy efficiency has increased their popularity in the automotive industry. A detailed study has been conducted in this article to evaluate the role of the energy mix for electricity generation at the charging locations in secondary C emissions from E-vehicles. The E-vehicle market is booming in India. Evaluation of indirect C emissions was conducted for 3 energy mix scenarios in India, and the results showed that in the present energy mix scenario, E-vehicle emissions will be more than that of conventional-fuel-based vehicles. An energy consumption model for the E-vehicle was also developed in this article using MATLAB Simulink, by considering road slope and driving conditions as input parameters. The developed model was tested for 3 driving conditions, namely (i) Flat road at a constant speed, (ii) Extra Urban Driving Cycle (EUDC), and (iii) Real-time driving condition, to estimate the relation between the energy consumption pattern and the driving range with road slope. Simulation results showed variation in the driving range of the E-vehicles regarding input parameters like road slope and vehicle speed. Therefore, this model could serve as an effective tool for establishing charging stations at strategic locations.

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“…Parameters considered for calculating the indirect C emissions (

italicEV_C_{emissions}

) from E‐vehicles include electric vehicle power consumption (

E V_{power}

), C emissions during electricity generation (

C_{emission_electricity}

) (von Brockdor and Tanti 2017), and transmission losses (

L_{T}

), which is around 19% in India (World Bank 2018) as shown in Equation .

italicEV normal_C_{emissions} = E V_{power} \times \frac{C_{emission_electricity}}{1 - L_{T}}

C_{italicemission normal_italicelectricity} = \sum_{i = 1}^{n} x_{i} \times w_{i} = [x_{italicfossil} \times w_{italicfossil}] + [x_{renewable} \times w_{renewable}]

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Indirect Carbon Emissions and Energy Consumption Model for Electric Vehicles: Indian Scenario

Kurien

Kumar

Molere

2020

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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“…The average CO 2 emissions from electric vehicles were calculated by referencing the electric power consumed by the vehicle per kilometer and the CO 2 emissions during electricity generation. The C emissions from electric vehicles were calculated using Equation (Brockdor and Tanti ), where EV_C power is the electric vehicle power consumption in units of watt hour per kilometer (Wh/km), C emission_electricity is the CO 2 emitted during electricity generation in units of kilograms CO 2 /kWh (2018b), and L T is the factor for accounting transmission losses of approximately 19% (2018a) as follows:

{EV_normalC}_{emissions} = {EV_normalC}_{power} \times \frac{{normalC}_{emission_electricity}}{1 - L_{T}} .

…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Countries such as Canada, Brazil, and France, where the share of renewable energy sources is higher than that of fossil fuels, will be ideal for electric vehicles (IEA ). The countries where fossil fuels have more than 60% of the share in electricity generation will have an increase in their C emissions from the introduction of electric vehicles (Brockdor and Tanti ). India is ranked third in electricity generation and in CO 2 emissions at the global level.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The claim of the electric vehicle manufacturers that there are zero emissions from electric vehicles is considered to be a misconception because the C emissions during battery manufacturing and electricity generation must be taken into consideration before declaring it to be a case of zero emissions (Norvaiša and Galinis ; Timmers and Achten ). The shift from internal combustion engines to electric vehicles is predicted to shift the threat of emissions from the engine operation phase to the electricity generation phase, with an overall reduction of approximately 50% (Brockdor and Tanti ). Electric vehicles can be said to reduce overall C emissions only if the intensity of the C production from the power generation sector of the respective countries is brought down to acceptable levels.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Impact of Electric Vehicles on Indirect Carbon Emissions and the Role of Engine Posttreatment Emission Control Strategies

Kurien

Kumar

2019

Integr Envir Assess & Manag

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Electricity generation in developing countries is dependent on fossil fuel–based thermal power plants, and the introduction of electric vehicles will only shift the threat of emissions from the operation stage to the energy generation stage. India is one of the developing countries in South Asia where fossil fuel–based power plants make major contributions to electricity generation. In this paper, a detailed review of the challenges faced by electric vehicles is discussed, and an analysis was conducted on the equivalent C emissions from electric vehicles by considering 3 scenarios in India: 1) current electricity generation, 2) power generation considering the installed capacity, and 3) Vision 2022. Based on these 3 scenarios, the main objectives of this work are to understand the potential of electric vehicles to reduce the overall C emissions after considering the indirect C emissions from electricity generation and to highlight the importance of emission control techniques. Experimental investigations of the conversion efficiency of diesel oxidation catalysis (DOC) systems have been conducted for comparative studies. The results of the analysis showed that the indirect C emissions from electric vehicles are higher than the C emissions from internal combustion engines for scenarios 1 and 2. In scenario 3, the C emissions from electric and fossil fuel–powered vehicles are found to be in the same range. The DOC system had an average conversion efficiency of 56% for hydrocarbons and 59% for particle number emissions. The posttreatment emission control systems in internal combustion engines will be the best possible solution, compared to electric vehicles, for reducing overall vehicular emissions until renewable energy sources have a major share in electricity generation. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2020;16:234–244. © 2019 SETAC

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“…In order to relax these assumptions, some alternative definitions of the UF have been proposed [66,67]. Such an improved UF may better assess the fuel consumption and CO 2 emissions of PHEVs [68,69].…”

Section: Utility Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

A review on charging behavior of electric vehicles: data, model, and control

Jia

2020

Control Theory Technol.

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The adoption and usage of electric vehicles (EVs) have emerged recently due to the increasing concerns on the greenhouse gas issues and energy revolution. As a part of the smart grid, EVs can provide valuable ancillary services beyond consumers of electricity. However, EVs are gradually considered as nonnegligible loads due to their increasing penetration, which may result in negative effects such as voltage deviations, lines saturation, and power losses. Relationship and interaction among EVs, charging stations, and micro grid have to be considered in the next generation of smart grid. Therefore, the topic of smart charging has been the focus of many works where a wide range of control methods have been developed. As one of the bases of simulation, the EV charging behavior and characteristics have also become the focus of many studies. In this work, we review the charging behavior of EVs from the aspects of data, model, and control. We provide the links for most of the data sets reviewed in this work, based on which interested researchers can easily access these data for further investigation.

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Carbon emissions of plug-in electric vehicles in Malta: A policy review

Cited by 19 publications

References 4 publications

Indirect Carbon Emissions and Energy Consumption Model for Electric Vehicles: Indian Scenario

Indirect Carbon Emissions and Energy Consumption Model for Electric Vehicles: Indian Scenario

Impact of Electric Vehicles on Indirect Carbon Emissions and the Role of Engine Posttreatment Emission Control Strategies

A review on charging behavior of electric vehicles: data, model, and control

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