Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Knorr Cruises in the North Atlantic Ocean on WOCE Sections AR24 (November 2 - December 5, 1996) and A24, A20, and A22 (May 30 - September 3, 1997)

Johnson, K.M.; Key, Robert M.; Millero, F.J.; Sabine, C.L.; Wallace, D.W.R.; Winn, C.D.; Arlen, L.; Erickson, K.; Friis, K.; Galanter, M.; Goen, J.; Rotter, R.; Thomas, C.; Wilke, R.J.; Takahashi, T.; Sutherland, S.C.

doi:10.3334/cdiac/otg.ndp082

Cited by 5 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(19 reference statements)

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“…These data showed that the pre‐hurricane oceanic condition was calm and horizontally homogeneous in the studied area. The sea surface temperature was 29.3°C and the initial surface mixed layer depth was about 30 m. Unfortunately, no CO 2 data were available for the Hurricane Frances, so the R/V Knorr cruise data obtained in the same location in 1997 [ Johnson et al , 2003] were used (Figure 1). Comparison of the vertical water temperature and salinity profiles from this cruise with those taken prior to the passage of Hurricane Frances (Figure 2) suggests that the water column properties were similar.…”

Section: Modeling the Oceanic Co2 System Response To Hurricane Passagementioning

confidence: 99%

Variation of pCO₂ in ocean surface water in response to the passage of a hurricane

Huang

Imberger

2010

J. Geophys. Res.

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[1] The temporal and spatial variations of pCO 2 in the ocean surface layer in response to the passage of Hurricane Frances (2004) were investigated with a coupled threedimensional hydrodynamic and carbon model. The results showed that the sea surface temperature cooling was the dominant cause of the decrease of surface pCO 2 , while the entrainment of water with higher CO 2 levels partially offset the cooling-induced decrease. The surface distribution of pCO 2 was thus found to mimic the physical deepening processes, with a "right bias" to the hurricane track. The impact of the hurricane on the local air-sea CO 2 exchange extended to about 100 km on both sides of the hurricane track. The whole passage of Hurricane Frances was estimated to have caused a CO 2 efflux of about 3.504-10.363 Tg (1 Tg = 10 12 g) C from ocean to the atmosphere. Globally, hurricanes in 2004 were estimated to have released a CO 2 efflux of 0.047-0.141 Pg (1 Pg = 10 15 g) C in total when extrapolating from Hurricane Frances. Under our assumptions, the CO 2 efflux caused by the passages of global hurricanes should have increased by about 71.2%-75.0% in past decades.Citation: Huang, P., and J. Imberger (2010), Variation of pCO 2 in ocean surface water in response to the passage of a hurricane,

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Section: Modeling the Oceanic Co2 System Response To Hurricane Passagementioning

confidence: 99%

Variation of pCO₂ in ocean surface water in response to the passage of a hurricane

Huang

Imberger

2010

J. Geophys. Res.

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“…There are only three records of 14 C data from the eastern Caribbean; one set was taken in the Venezuela Basin in 1973 (Ribbat et al 1976) and gave a mean Δ 14 C of –89.3‰ for all depths below 1500 m. Broecker et al (1991) point out that the 14 C decay rate is equivalent to a loss of 10‰ in 80yr, so assuming no deeper penetration of bomb carbon in the region, these data are equivalent to a present day concentration of about –94.3‰, in good agreement with our data from the Gulf. More recently, a station was occupied at 66°W, 14.35°N during the occupation of WOCE line A22 in 1997 (Johnson et al 2003). The mean natural 14 C value below 1500 m was about –108±8‰, calculated according to Sweeney et al (2007), suggesting very slow replenishment of the deep water in the 4500-m-deep basin.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Age Constraints on Gulf of Mexico Deep Water Ventilation as Determined by¹⁴C Measurements

et al. 2017

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While the exchange of water through Yucatan Strait is reasonably well known, the age of the deep water in both the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico is not. We recently measured the radiocarbon (14C) concentrations in deep water in the Gulf of Mexico from a line of stations along 90°30′W. The mean apparent age of water below 900 m, the depth of the Florida Strait sill, was found to be about 740 yr relative to the 1950 14C standard. Depending on how the corrections for biological activity in the upper water are applied, this converts to a “true” age of between 231 ± 28 and 293 ± 74 yr. These ages agree with a previous estimate of the age of the deep water in the Gulf of Mexico based on heat flows, put upper limits on the age of the deep water in the Caribbean Sea, and provide constraints on modelers for the return of deep water from the Gulf of Mexico to the Caribbean. This might be important in the event of a future deep water oil or other chemical spill in the region.

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A global estimate of the full oceanic ¹³C Suess effect since the preindustrial

Eide

Olsen

Ninnemann

et al. 2017

Global Biogeochemical Cycles

108

141

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We present the first estimate of the full global ocean 13 C Suess effect since preindustrial times, based on observations. This has been derived by first using the method of Olsen and Ninnemann (2010) to calculate 13 C Suess effect estimates on sections spanning the world ocean, which were next mapped on a global 1°× 1°grid. We find a strong 13 C Suess effect in the upper 1000 m of all basins, with strongest decrease in the subtropical gyres of the Northern Hemisphere, where δ 13 C of dissolved inorganic carbon has decreased by more than 0.8‰ since the industrial revolution. At greater depths, a significant 13 C Suess effect can only be detected in the northern parts of the North Atlantic Ocean. The relationship between the 13 C Suess effect and the concentration of anthropogenic carbon varies strongly between water masses, reflecting the degree to which source waters are equilibrated with the atmospheric 13 C Suess effect before sinking.Finally, we estimate a global ocean inventory of anthropogenic CO 2 of 92 ± 46 Gt C. This provides an estimate that is almost independent of and consistent, within the uncertainties, with previous estimates.

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Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Knorr Cruises in the North Atlantic Ocean on WOCE Sections AR24 (November 2 - December 5, 1996) and A24, A20, and A22 (May 30 - September 3, 1997)

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Variation of pCO₂ in ocean surface water in response to the passage of a hurricane

Variation of pCO₂ in ocean surface water in response to the passage of a hurricane

Age Constraints on Gulf of Mexico Deep Water Ventilation as Determined by¹⁴C Measurements

A global estimate of the full oceanic ¹³C Suess effect since the preindustrial

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Carbon Dioxide, Hydrographic, and Chemical Data Obtained During the R/V Knorr Cruises in the North Atlantic Ocean on WOCE Sections AR24 (November 2 - December 5, 1996) and A24, A20, and A22 (May 30 - September 3, 1997)

Cited by 5 publications

References 17 publications

Variation of pCO2 in ocean surface water in response to the passage of a hurricane

Variation of pCO2 in ocean surface water in response to the passage of a hurricane

Age Constraints on Gulf of Mexico Deep Water Ventilation as Determined by14C Measurements

A global estimate of the full oceanic 13C Suess effect since the preindustrial

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About

Variation of pCO₂ in ocean surface water in response to the passage of a hurricane

Variation of pCO₂ in ocean surface water in response to the passage of a hurricane

Age Constraints on Gulf of Mexico Deep Water Ventilation as Determined by¹⁴C Measurements

A global estimate of the full oceanic ¹³C Suess effect since the preindustrial