Carbon Dioxide Emission of the Human Arm and Hand

Frame, George W.; Strauss, Walter G.; Maibach, Howard I.

doi:10.1111/1523-1747.ep12625939

Cited by 41 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 9 publications

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“…These findings corroborate very well with observations that manifestation of candidosis increases when the skin is kept wet continuously or is occluded by wearing dentures, bandages or even a wrist watch [3,31,80]. It is well demonstrated that under such coverings the rate of CO2 diffusion increases severalfold, which equilibrates with the underlying tissues in a few hours [3].…”

Section: Growth Under Limited Aerobic Conditionssupporting

confidence: 86%

Growth and Respiration Characteristics of Candida albicans

Anand

Prasad

1991

Candida Albicans

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Section: Growth Under Limited Aerobic Conditionssupporting

confidence: 86%

Growth and Respiration Characteristics of Candida albicans

Anand

Prasad

1991

Candida Albicans

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“…Later, more extensive studies were performed by Shaw et al (4) and Shaw and Messer (5). Frame et al (6) measured carbon dioxide emission rates (CDER) on the forearm and hand of adults. They reported an average forearm CDER of 34 nl/cm2/min and an average hand CDER of 46 nl/cm2/min.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Skin Barrier Properties in the Newborn

et al. 1977

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Relative permeabilities of newborn and adult skin to small molecules were determined by measuring emission of carbon dioxide and water vapor through skin. Transepidermal water loss (TEWL) measured on the forearm of 22 term infants was lower than that observed in 30 control adults (0.31 ± 0.09 vs. 0.39 ± 0.15 mg/cm²/h). There was no significant difference between newborn carbon dioxide emission rates (CDER) and adult CDER. When environmental temperature was raised from 74 to 80 °F, large dramatic increases in adult TEWL were observed in contrast to small increases in newborns. This phenomenon suggests diminished eccrine activity in the newborn. No correlation of TEWL or CDER with respect to birth weight, sex, age or gestational age was observed. Similar permeability to carbon dioxide in neonates and adults and a decreased TEWL in neonates compared to adults suggest that even at birth the skin functions as an efficient barrier to these molecules, penetration rates, in adults, of other polar compounds should be similar to those in neonates.

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“…However, King et al (1976) have shown that while helium and methane, like CO 2 , tend to inhibit the growth of T. mentagrophytes, they do not induce arthroconidial formation. CO 2 diffuses physiologically from normal skin (Frame et al, 1972), and its level rises in damaged or occluded skin (Malten & Thiele, 1973). Thus a rise in CO 2 tension together with a reduction in oxgen tension during infection may cause the transformation of dermatophyte hyphae to arthroconidium chains (Allen & King, 1978).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Arthroconidia production in Trichophyton rubrum and a new ex vivo model of onychomycosis

Yazdanparast

Barton

2006

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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The dermatophyte fungus Trichophyton rubrum often produces arthroconidia in vivo, and these cells are thought to be involved in pathogenesis, and, in shed skin scales, to act as a source of infection. The purpose of this study was (i) to examine the environmental and iatrogenic factors which affect arthroconidiation in T. rubrum in vitro, (ii) to look at arthroconidia formation in a large number of clinical isolates of T. rubrum and (iii) to develop a new model for the study of arthroconidia formation in nail tissue. Arthroconidia production was studied in T. rubrum grown on a number of media and under conditions of varying pH, temperature and CO 2 concentration. The effect of the presence of antifungals and steroids on arthroconidia formation was also examined. Nail powder from the healthy toenails of volunteers was used as a substrate for arthroconidial production. On Sabouraud dextrose agar in the presence of 10 % CO 2 plus air, arthroconidial formation occurred optimally at 37 6C and pH 7?5, and was maximal at 10 days. Most isolates of T. rubrum showed a similar level of arthroconidial production, and only two out of 50 strains were unable to produce arthroconidia. Subinhibitory levels of some antifungals and betamethasone resulted in the stimulation of arthroconidia formation. Arthroconidial production in ground nail material also occurred under the same optimal conditions, but took longer to reach maximal levels (14 days). These in vitro and ex vivo results provide a useful basis for the understanding of arthroconidium formation in vivo in infected tissues such as nails.

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Carbon Dioxide Emission of the Human Arm and Hand

Cited by 41 publications

References 9 publications

Growth and Respiration Characteristics of Candida albicans

Growth and Respiration Characteristics of Candida albicans

Skin Barrier Properties in the Newborn

Arthroconidia production in Trichophyton rubrum and a new ex vivo model of onychomycosis

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