Carbon Dioxide as an Intravascular Imaging Agent: Review

Carbon dioxide digital subtraction angiography as an option for detection of endoleaks in endovascular abdominal aortic aneurysm repair procedure

“…The use of carbon dioxide digital subtraction angiography (CO 2 -DSA) has been studied extensively since the development of a safe and efficient delivery system. 6,7 However, a recent study showed that CO 2 -DSA is not a reliable method to detect type II endoleaks (ELs) intraoperatively with use of C-DSA as the criterion standard. 7 The purpose of this study was to evaluate CO 2 -DSA as an option for the detection of ELs in the EVAR procedure.…”

Operating Room Fire Prevention

“…In fact, carbon dioxide is approximately 44 times more soluble in blood than nitrogen 11 and, because of this safety quality, is intentionally injected intravascularly to perform carbon dioxide angiography. 12 In addition, carbon dioxide is used in cardiac surgery with a blower/mister device during coronary artery bypass procedures, and to flood the surgical field during open cardiac surgery. By exchanging room air, which is mostly nitrogen, for the much more soluble and therefore safer gas, carbon dioxide, the detrimental effects of potential gas accumulation are minimized.…”

Superior Vena Cava Stenting Guided by Alternative Imaging Modalities in a Patient with Severe Contrast Allergy: A Case Report and Brief Literature Review

“…CO 2 offers many advantages as an imaging agent. It is not allergenic, 20 times more soluble in blood than oxygen, does not have a risk of nephrotoxicity, and is inexpensive . However, delivery of CO 2 can be difficult and intravascular imaging with CO 2 is generally inferior to radiocontrast media.…”