Carbon Dioxide as a Narcotic Agent

A Quantitative Study of the Effect of Carbon Dioxide Upon the Cleavage Rate of the Arbacia Egg

“…1). As already stated in an earlier paper (Haywood, 1927), the resulting curve theoretically represents the number…”

“…of sea water in the tonometers which were used, it will be evident that any change in gaseous content due to the addition of the eggs was extremely small. The lowering of the oxygen content of the carbon dioxide-air mixture caused by the addition of the carbon dioxide to room air could be entirely disregarded, for a previous study by Haywood (1927) has shown that the oxygen tension may be reduced far more than occurred in these experiments before the cleavage rate is affected by lack of oxygen.…”

“…it is of interest to ascertain whether this effect of various known tensions of carbon dioxide upon cell oxidations is paralleled by its effect upon the cleavage rate. Haywood (1927) has shown that, if carbon dioxide at a tension greater than 20 per cent of an atmosphere is added for even a few minutes to the sea water surrounding the newly fertilized eggs of Ai'bacia, cleavage suffers a distinct retardation. It might, therefore, be expected that lower tensions of the gas could also delay cleavage 1 if administered for longer periods of time.…”

The blood circulation of animals possessing chlorocruorin

“…The same colour change in the acid direction was obtained in the flowers by putting them into distilled water saturated with carbon dioxide and into M/2 NaHC03 saturated with carbon dioxide, the latter solution having an alkaline reaction of pR 7-4. Haywood (1927) found that Ringer's solution saturated with carbon dioxide, at p R 5-2, reversibly inhibits the response of frog muscle to electrical stimulation, whereas hydrochloric acid at 4*4 has no such effect. Finally, Nomura (1932) showed that the critical pR for the stoppage of ciliary movement in the gill of Pecten at 20° is 5 • 5 for carbonic and 3-8 for hydrochloric acid.…”