Carbon dioxide as a lighter-than-urine contrast medium for percutaneous nephrostomy.

Abstract

Carbon dioxide was used either alone or in combination with standard triiodinated contrast media in 32 patients who underwent percutaneous nephrostomy. Carbon dioxide was used to opacify the posterior calyces, which are the uppermost structures in the kidney of the prone or prone-oblique patient. Carbon dioxide is usually injected in small amounts (20-40 cm3), although clinical and laboratory data indicate that it can be used as the only medium in large amounts with complete safety. There were no complications.

Limited usefulness of carbon dioxide as a contrast agent for cholangiography

“…More recently it has been safely injected intraarterially for digital subtraction angiography [5]. During percutaneous procedures in the upper urinary tract, CO2 is now considered almost indispensable for identifying the posterior calices, particularly in hydronephrosis [6].…”

Percutaneous nephrostolithotomy: application to staghorn calculi

“…The [3]. Nephrostomy puncture is made into a posterior calix to provide the most direct access to the kidney, yet minimizing the potential for trauma to larger central renal vessels.…”

Kontrastsonographie der Harnwege im Kindesalter

“…Das einzige echogene Material, welches dann diagnostisch verwertbare Kontrasteffekte liefert, ist die Injektion eines Gases. Wir verwendeten bisher ein Gasgemisch, namlich Luft, sind jetzt aber dazu iibergegangen, wegen der wesentlich geringeren Toxizitat statt der Luftinjektion die C00 2 -Injektionen anzuwenden (1,5).…”