Carbon-coated nano-sized Li4Ti5O12 nanoporous micro-sphere as anode material for high-rate lithium-ion batteries

Zhu, Guannan; Liu, Haijing; Zhuang, Jun; Wang, Congxiao; Wang, Yonggang; Xia, Yongyao

doi:10.1039/c1ee01680f

Cited by 372 publications

(173 citation statements)

References 29 publications

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“…This flexible full battery can be operated at a 10-C rate with a capacity of 117 mAh/g (Fig. 5A), 88% of the capacity at a 1-C rate, which surpasses most full batteries reported (30)(31)(32) despite the fact that they are all based on a conventional, nonflexible electrode package integrated with metal foil current collectors, carbon black additive, and binder, because the fast charge/discharge performance of a flexible full battery has never been reported (6,11,13). Furthermore, our flexible full battery can be cycled over 100 cycles at a high rate of 10 C with only 4% capacity loss (Fig.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible graphene-based lithium ion batteries with ultrafast charge and discharge rates

Chen

Ren

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

733

492

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There is growing interest in thin, lightweight, and flexible energy storage devices to meet the special needs for next-generation, high-performance, flexible electronics. Here we report a thin, lightweight, and flexible lithium ion battery made from graphene foam, a three-dimensional, flexible, and conductive interconnected network, as a current collector, loaded with Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 and LiFePO 4 , for use as anode and cathode, respectively. No metal current collectors, conducting additives, or binders are used. The excellent electrical conductivity and pore structure of the hybrid electrodes enable rapid electron and ion transport. For example, the Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 / graphene foam electrode shows a high rate up to 200 C, equivalent to a full discharge in 18 s. Using them, we demonstrate a thin, lightweight, and flexible full lithium ion battery with a high-rate performance and energy density that can be repeatedly bent to a radius of 5 mm without structural failure and performance loss.flexible device | full battery T he development of next-generation flexible electronics (1), such as soft, portable electronic products, roll-up displays, wearable devices, implantable biomedical devices, and conformable health-monitoring electronic skin, requires power sources that are flexible (2, 3). Similar to conventional energy storage devices, flexible power sources with high capacity and rate performance that enable electronic devices to be continuously used for a long time and fully charged in a very short time are very important for applications of high-performance flexible electronics (4-7). Lithium ion batteries (LIBs) have a high capacity but usually suffer from a low charge/discharge rate compared with another important electrochemical storage device, supercapacitors. Therefore, it is highly desired to fabricate a flexible electrochemical energy storage system with a supercapacitor-like fast charge/discharge rate and battery-like high capacity. However, the fabrication of such an energy storage device remains a great challenge owing to the lack of reliable materials that combine superior electron and ion conductivity, robust mechanical flexibility, and excellent corrosion resistance in electrochemical environments.Using nano-sized materials to prepare electrodes is one of the most promising routes toward flexible batteries. Metal oxide nanowires (8, 9) and carbon nanomaterials such as carbon nanotubes (6, 10-12) and graphene paper (13) have been recently demonstrated for use in flexible LIBs. However, electron transport in these electrodes is slow because of the relatively low quality of nanomaterials (such as chemically derived graphene) and/or high junction contact resistance between them. As a consequence, only a moderate charge/discharge rate has been obtained in these flexible batteries. It is generally believed that the charge/discharge rate of a LIB depends critically on the migration rate of lithium ions and electrons through the electrolyte and bulk electrodes into active electrode materials. Strategies to inc...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Flexible graphene-based lithium ion batteries with ultrafast charge and discharge rates

Chen

Ren

et al. 2012

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

733

492

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“…The superior C-rate performance has been associated with the nano flower-like structure, facilitating lithium transportation ability during cycling. To obtain even better results, the nano-LTO (nanorods, hollow spheres, nanoparticles) has been carbon-coated [359,360]. The results obtained with C-LTO particles of size 90 nm [268] are illustrated in Fig.…”

Section: Ti 5 O 12mentioning

confidence: 95%

Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

et al. 2016

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Lithium-ion batteries (LiBs) have made considerable progress since the first commercial one by Sony in 1991, which had LiCoO 2 and graphite as active elements of the positive and negative electrodes, respectively. The LiBs are now the primary energy storage devices in the transportation and communications, from portable use in computers, up to electric and hybrid vehicles. More recently, they have also been used as back-up supply units, frequency regulators (load leveling) to integrate on smart grids the electricity produced by windmills and photovoltaic plants (for a recent review, see [1]). These applications require high energy densities, high power, and safety among others. Considerable efforts have been made to propose other electrodes to fulfill these requirements. We have recently reviewed the works and progress concerning the materials for the positive electrode [2][3][4][5][6]. The present work is devoted to the materials for the negative electrode counterpart. It is common to use the terminology anode and cathode for the negative and positive electrodes, respectively, although the electrodes play alternatively the role of anode and cathode during the charge and discharge process. We shall use this terminology in the following for conciseness purposes only.An ideal active anode element should fulfill the following requirements as follows: (1) It must be light and accommodate as much Li as possible to optimize the gravimetric capacity. (2) Its redox potential with respect to Li 0 /Li + must be as small as possible at any Li-concentration. The reason is that this potential is subtracted to the redox potential of the cathode material to give the overall voltage of the cell, and smaller voltage means smaller energy density. (3) It must possess good electronic and ionic conductivities since faster motion of the lithium ions and the electrons also mean higher power density of the cell. (4) It must not be soluble in the solvents of the electrolyte and not react with the lithium salt. (5) It must be safe, i.e. avoid any thermal runaway of the battery, a criterion that is not independent of the previous one, but deserves special attention, especially for use in transportation such as electric vehicles and planes. (6) It must be cheap and environmentally friendly. The different materials proposed as anode elements for Li-ion batteries must be discussed with respect to these different criteria.The graphite is still the most used anode material and is still the reference. The first works giving evidence of the insertion of lithium in graphite date from 1955 [7], confirmed by the synthesis of LiC 6 in 1965 [8]. The synthesis of LiC 6 , however, was not obtained by electrochemical process at that time. Another decade was spent before Besenhard and Eichinger discovered the reversible intercalation of lithium in graphite, proposing this material as an anode in 1976 [9,10]. Increasing the Li content in LiC 6 is possible [8], but no reversible cycling beyond LiC 6 could ever be obtained. The graphite anode can thus be cyc...

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“…The N-doped carbon, when compared with pristine carbon, shows better improvement in the rate capability and cycling stability of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C electrodes due to the enhanced electronic conductivity [79,82,83]. Other advantages of carbon coatings on Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 include (1) limiting the particle growth during calcination and thus shortening the lithium ion diffusion distance during charge/discharge process [74,75]; (2) reducing Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 to generate Ti 3+/4+ mixed valency on the particle surface, enhancing the electronic conductivity [78,84]. In order to achieve high tap density of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 powders, large secondary particles composed of small primary particles are prepared.…”

Section: Surface Modificationmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…In order to achieve high tap density of Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 powders, large secondary particles composed of small primary particles are prepared. As shown in the work reported by Zhu et al, nano-TiO 2 was first coated with carbon by mixing with sugar and calcining at 600°C and then ball-milled with Li 2 CO 3 , followed by spray drying and further calcining at 800°C to obtain nanoprous micro-sphere LTO/C particles [75]. Shen et al proposed a novel strategy for preparation of core/shell structured Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 /C nanoparticles via a simple solid-state reaction method by using metal oxyacetyl acetonate as titanium and carbon sources [85].…”

Section: Surface Modificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Lithium Titanate-Based Anode Materials

Zhao

2015

Rechargeable Batteries

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Graphitic carbon is the most widely used anode material in commercial Li-ion batteries due to its low lithiation potential, long cycle life, abundant resources and low cost. However, Li-ion batteries using graphite as anode material give rise to rate, safety and life problems. During lithium intercalation/deintercalation process, graphite undergoes a considerable volume change (*10 % [1]), which could cause particle cracking and even peeling off of anode film from the current collector, leading to gradual capacity degradation of the electrode [2,3]. Safety concerns arise when the cells experience fast charging, long-term cycling, or low temperature charging owing to the propensity of formation of lithium dendrites, which is induced by the low lithiation potential of the graphite anode (close to 0 V vs. Li/Li + ) and the low lithium ion diffusivity in the graphite lattice [4,5]. As an alternative anode material to carbon, Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 has been extensively studied for the potential use in large-scale Li-ion batteries. Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 shows stable charge/discharge platform at ca. 1.55 V versus Li/Li + , and possesses excellent cycling stability and unique safety characteristic owing to its negligible volume change and high redox potential upon Li-ion intercalation/deintercalation. However, coarse Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 exhibits poor rate performance because of its low electronic conductivity and sluggish lithium ion diffusivity [6,7]. In some cases, especially when aging at elevated temperature or cycling in a long-term regime, gas generation frequently occurs in Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 -based batteries [8]. In past decades, many efforts have been devoted to overcoming these problems and significant advancements have been achieved, which make Li 4 Ti 5 O 12 viable for practical application in batteries for various electrical energy storage, such as electric/hybrid electric/plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (EV/HEV/PHEV), grid load leveling, integration of renewable energy sources, etc.

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Carbon-coated nano-sized Li4Ti5O12 nanoporous micro-sphere as anode material for high-rate lithium-ion batteries

Cited by 372 publications

References 29 publications

Flexible graphene-based lithium ion batteries with ultrafast charge and discharge rates

Flexible graphene-based lithium ion batteries with ultrafast charge and discharge rates

Anodes for Li-Ion Batteries

Lithium Titanate-Based Anode Materials

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