Carbon–Carbon Allotropic Hybrids and Composites: Synthesis, Properties, And Applications

Abstract

Carbon−carbon allotropic hybrids and their composites are reviewed. Carbon−carbon hybrids are mainly composed of graphene, graphite, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, carbon nanotubes, carbyne chains, fullerenes and more complex spherical and ring-ike carbon forms, graphene quantum dots, and carbon nanodots. Aerogels and xerogels on their basis are also discussed. Most of these hybrides consist of 3D architectures with either covalent or van der Waals interactions between carbon atoms, possessing unusual properties as compared to their counterparts, because of the simultaneous presence of carbon structures of distinct dimensionality and reactivity. These composites can be prepared by a variety of methods starting from already existing allotropes, or by their synthesis in situ, such as chemical vapor deposition, solvothermal techniques, pyrolysis, ultrasonication in solution, and other liquidphase methods, frequently including redox steps. Current and potential applications of hybrids and their metal-doped composites as supercapacitors, sensors, catalysts, and environmental remediation reactants are described.

Carbon fiber coated by quinoa cellulose nanosheet with outstanding scaled salt self-cleaning performance and purification of organic and antibiotic contaminated water

“…3 ) and carbonized cellulose nanosheet (red circle in Fig. 3 ) coexistence structures, which indicates that carbonized quinoa cellulose nano-sheet and carbon fiber can be well combined together by covalent bond after pyrolysis at 800 °C, which were observed in previous papers 51 , 52 . More importantly, compared with the pristine CF (Fig.…”

Graphene–carbon 2D heterostructures with hierarchically-porous P,N-doped layered architecture for capacitive deionization

“…Carbon-carbon heterostructures are materials composed of two or more types of allotropic carbon species, which combines the advantages of each component but which might also possess superior properties not exhibited by the component species. 31 Of the reported examples, graphene-carbon twodimensional (2D) heterostructures containing a nanostructured carbon layer anchored at graphene nanosheets, have been widely studied because of their excellent electrical conductivity and unique 2D nanosheet structure. 32 By careful tailoring of the morphology, structure and composition of the precursor coating layer, the functionalities of the resulting graphene-carbon 2D heterostructures could be tuned (e.g., composition, pore structure).…”

Insight into the Multistate Emissive N, P‐doped Carbon Nano‐Onions: Emerging Visible‐Light Absorption for Photocatalysis

“…In recent years, carbon nanomaterials such as graphene, graphene oxide, nanodiamond, and their typical analogs in different dimensions (e. g.-carbon nanotubes, carbon dots, and carbon nano-onions), have drawn much attention from the scientific community due to their multimodal applicabilities in photonics, optoelectronics, catalytic and sensing devices. [1][2][3][4][5] Especially, carbon dots (CDs), are one kind of emerging carbonbased nanomaterials with excellent optical and fluorescence features with high quantum yield (QY) that have great potential in various applications including fluorescent probes, biological labeling, photocatalysis, and optoelectronic devices. [2][3][4]6] Furthermore, simple and low-cost preparation methods, high thermal and optical photostability, tunable excitation and emission features, easy surface functionalization, and environmental sustainability with high biocompatibility make them versatile materials in various fields.…”