Carbon black-containing self-healing adhesive hydrogels for endoscopic tattooing

Abstract

Endoscopic tattooing with India ink is a popular method for identifying colonic lesions during minimally invasive surgery because it is highly challenging to localize lesions during laparoscopy. However, there is a perceived unmet need for the injection of India ink and carbon particle suspension due to various complications and inconstant durability during the perioperative period. In this study, carbon black-containing self-healing adhesive alginate/polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogels were synthesized as endoscopic tattooing inks. Alginate (Alg) conjugated with phenylboronic acid (PBA) groups in the backbone was crosslinked with polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) because of the dynamic bonds between the phenylboronic acid in alginate and the cis-diol groups of PVA. The carbon black-incorporated Alg-PBA/PVA hydrogels exhibited self-healing and re-shapable properties, indicating that improved intraoperative localization could be achieved. In addition, the adhesive tattooing hydrogels were stably immobilized on the target regions in the intraperitoneal spaces. These carbon black-containing self-healing adhesive hydrogels are expected to be useful in various surgical procedures, including endoscopic tattooing.

Bio-Inspired Self-Healing, Shear-Thinning, and Adhesive Gallic Acid-Conjugated Chitosan/Carbon Black Composite Hydrogels as Suture Support Materials

“…An increase in CB concentrations in the CB/Chi-gallol hydrogel networks significantly affects the elastic modulus (G ) values of hydrogels. The incorporation of CB into various hydrogels enhanced their mechanical properties, as previously reported [54]. As aforementioned, Chi-gallol alone was a viscous solution.…”

“…However, the G′ values were slightly increased and were higher than those of G″ values in the frequency ranges of 1 to 10 Hz when CB (2 wt%) was added to the Chi-gallol solution An increase in CB concentrations in the CB/Chi-gallol hydrogel networks significantly affects the elastic modulus (G′) values of hydrogels. The incorporation of CB into various hydrogels enhanced their mechanical properties, as previously reported [54]. As aforementioned, Chi-gallol alone was a viscous solution.…”

“…The tissue adhesiveness of the CB/Chi-gallol hydrogels was measured using a universal testing machine (UTM, Instron 5583, Instron, Norwood, MA, USA) with a 50 N load cell using a modified lap shear test, as previously reported [54]. Briefly, fresh porcine intestinal tissues (Bucknam butcher shop, Iksan, Republic of Korea) were cut into 1 × 1 cm 2 squares and attached to the edges of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films (1 × 5 cm 2 ).…”

“…In addition, CB-containing polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds exhibit a Young's modulus of 101.25 MPa after the addition of CB (7 wt%), which is higher than that of PCL scaffolds (61.80 Mpa) [53]. Also, elastic modulus values of CB-incorporated phenylboronic-acid-conjugated alginate and polyvinyl alcohol composite hydrogels are increased as a function of CB concentration [54]. The toxicity of CB nanoparticles is known to depend on the various factors, such as physical states, chemical compositions, and experimental conditions [55][56][57].…”

Hydrophilic/Hydrophobic Janus Nanofibers Containing Compound K for Cartilage Regeneration

“…Tissue adhesiveness of the CHI-GA/CK/PCL NFs was examined using a universal testing machine (UTM, Instron 5583, Instron, USA) equipped with a 50 N load cell according to previous research with a slight modification. [50][51][52] The PCL sides of the CHI-GA/CK/PCL NFs (1 × 1 cm 2 ) were attached to the PET film (1 × 5 cm 2 ) using commercially available adhesives (Loctite ® 401, Rocky Hill, Connecticut, USA) resulting in the exposure of the CHI-GA-coated surfaces. In addition, the porcine intestine (1 × 1 cm 2 ) was attached to a PET film (1 × 5 cm 2 ) using commercially available adhesives.…”