Carbon-based catalysts for oxygen reduction reaction: A review on degradation mechanisms

Facilely synthesized nitrogen-doped reduced graphene oxide functionalized with copper ions as electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction

“…This indicates a very good stability, comparable to that of transition metal catalysts protected by a carbon shell against surface segregation or oxidation when exposed to oxygen or water 55 . The slight decrease of the activity of the graphene-based catalyst can be attributed to the oxidative attack of the ORR intermediates or to the demetalation of the metal-active site 65 . It is important to highlight that the electrochemical performance exhibited by the herein proposed Cu-N-rGO is in line or even better with respect to that of other reported 2D-based ORR catalysts in terms of onset and half-wave potentials, number of transferred electrons, long-term stability, as summarized in Supplementary Table 1.…”

“…Among many platinum group metal-free catalysts, carbon-based materials, doped with heteroatoms and/or transition metals, are considered the most promising alternatives to the state-of-the-art platinum-based catalysts for ORR due to their encouraging performance [13][14][15][16] . In particular, many research groups reported heteroatom-doped graphene, such as nitrogen-doped 17,18 , borondoped 19 , sulfur-doped 20 , phosphorous-doped 21 , and edgehalogenated (Cl, Br or I) graphene 22 , as efficient and robust ORR electrocatalyst 23 .…”

Enhanced oxygen reduction reaction activity and durability of Pt nanoparticles deposited on graphene-coated alumina nanofibres

“…[15][16][17] However, carbon corrosion in the fuel cell environment is a serious drawback of using such supports because it compromises the durability of the cathode catalyst. 18,19 Researchers have demonstrated that the nature of the carbon material plays an important role in improving the corrosion-resistance properties of the support. 15 It has been revealed that graphene-based supports are more resistant to degradation due to their high graphitic features.…”

Study on the Simple Surface Treatments of N, P Dual‐doped Carbon as Metal‐free Catalyst for Metal‐air Batteries

“…The carbon matrix doped with nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur or boron has the possibilities of possessing excellent ORR catalytic activity. Dual‐doping of heteroatoms was demonstrated to be more effective to achieve high ORR activity compared to the nitrogen doping [19–24] . Recently, in order to pursue much better ORR performance, a number of transition metal elements were introduced again into heteroatom‐doped carbon matrix, in which the presence of metal‐heteroatom‐carbon bonds can further prompt the ORR catalytic activities [25–27] .…”

“…Dual-doping of heteroatoms was demonstrated to be more effective to achieve high ORR activity compared to the nitrogen doping. [19][20][21][22][23][24] Recently, in order to pursue much better ORR performance, a number of transition metal elements were introduced again into heteroatom-doped carbon matrix, in which the presence of metal-heteroatom-carbon bonds can further prompt the ORR catalytic activities. [25][26][27] However, the introduction of transition metal elements weakens the ultimate cost advantage over metal-free carbon-based catalysts.…”