“…This approach leverages the principles of natural selection, enabling strains to autonomously undergo genetic modifications in response to adaptive stress, thus securing survival and growth advantages in specified environments . Here, ALE involves subjecting yeast to specific survival pressures to drive its evolution toward improved growth and production, a technique that has been successfully applied in both E. coli and yeasts. − Some approaches can achieve short-term ALE strategies to enhance limonene tolerance in Y. lipolytica . These included stepwise adaptations with increasing substrate concentrations, direct adaptation to constant substrate concentrations and pulse adaptation to high substrate concentrations.…”