Carbohydrate Microarrays: Survey of Fabrication Techniques

Abstract

Carbohydrate microarrays are being developed in order to decipher the information content of the glycome. This postgenomic activity is necessary because of the complexity of protein biosynthesis and post-translational modifications that cannot currently be detected at the genome level. This review looks, in detail, at the experimental approaches that have been taken in the fabrication and preparation of carbohydrate microarrays, glycan arrays and glyco-chips. Tether structures, glycan solution preparation, detection methods and applications have been gathered together in a tabular format.

Negative Ion CID Fragmentation of O-linked Oligosaccharide Aldoses—Charge Induced and Charge Remote Fragmentation

“…Hence, various approaches for nonreductive β-elimination have been proposed using both gentle alkaline conditions [16,17], hydrazinolysis [18,19], chemical capturing of the reducing end to prevent degradation of released oligosaccharides [20][21][22][23][24], and flow systems that are quickly transporting oligosaccharides to nondegrading environments after they have been released [25,26]. The generation of O-linked oligosaccharide aldoses would allow these structures to be included in glycoarrays and thus used for high throughput screening of oligosaccharide interaction partners [27][28][29][30] to generate glycobiomarkers. The reducing end would also allow O-linked oligosaccharides to be labeled with fluorophores and chromophores for sensitive detection by HPLC as well as improving their behavior in both mass spectrometry and chromatography [31].…”

Carbohydrate Mimics and Lectins: A Source of New Drugs and Therapeutic Opportunities

“…Spectacular results have been achieved through this approach, particularly for AB 5 19b and more could be achieved through the combination of judicious choice of potent monovalent inhibitors with rationally designed polyvalent scaffolds, a task that will be significantly simplified by the introduction of powerful chemoselective conjugation techniques.…”

“…4 Its main objective consists in understanding how chemical information is encoded in sugar structures, how this information is read out by sugar binding proteins (lectins), and how we can control/alter this flow of information by interfering with the sugar code. A major contribution to the understanding of the sugar code is expected to emerge from screening of glycan arrays 5 and from the use of chemoinformatic tools. Glycan-specific databases have been built 6 and data mining has begun.…”

Glycodendritic structures: tools to interact with DC-SIGN

“…Hence, the affinity of lectins for monovalent carbohydrates is typically weak (dissociation constants are in the mM to μM range). However, most lectins are multimeric and, therefore, polyvalent presentations of monosaccharides acting as binding determinants for a given lectin can be used for inhibition, increasing the affinity in comparison with the corresponding monovalent ligands (Mammen, 1998;Culf, 2006;Turnbull, Field, 2007). For this aim, a vast array of unnatural glycoconjugates (neoglycoconjugates) with different valencies and spatial arrangement of the ligand have been constructed as sugar binding proteins antagonist to prevent or treat diseases caused by pathogens .…”