Carbohydrate Metabolism of Gastropods

Livingstone, David; Zwaan, A. De

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-751401-7.50012-0

Cited by 57 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 158 publications

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“…Hence, the significant elevation observed in the glucose content of the hemolymph of B. glabrata exposed to a concentration of 0.4 mg/l of E. splendens latex, in the present study, might be evidence of a break in the glucose homeostasis in the snail's organism, which was not observed at the other concentrations used. Similar changes were described by Livingstone and Zwaan (1983). The existence of glycostatic mechanisms was also pointed out by Liebsch and Becker (1990), who observed an elevation of the glycemia and the hemolymph volume in snails that were starved, while these levels were lower in those infected with S. mansoni.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Physiological changes in Biomphalaria glabrata say, 1818 (Pulmonata: Planorbidae) caused by sub-lethal concentrations of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii N.E.B (Euphorbiaceae)

Mello-Silva

Vasconcellos

Pinheiro

et al. 2006

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Molluscides have been used as one of the strategies to control schistosomiasis. Many plant extracts with molluscidal effects have been tested, but the action of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii is considered the most promising because it meets the recommendations of the World Health Organization (WHO). The objective of this study was to determine the lethal dose and identify the effects of the different doses of latex of E. splendens var.hislopii on the physiology of Biomphalaria glabrata submitted to treatment for 24 h. The concentrations of glucose, uric acid and total proteins in the hemolymph and of glycogen in the digestive gland and cephalopodal mass were determined. The LD 50 value was 1 mg/l. The highest escape index was found to be at a concentration of 0.6 mg/l. The results showed that the latex of E. splendens var. hislopii caused a sharp reduction in the reserves of glycogen in the digestive gland and elevation of the protein content in the hemolymph of B. glabrata. Key words: plant molluscide -Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii -Biomphalaria glabrataThe use of molluscides as one of the strategies to control schistosomiasis began in Brazil in 1976, with the creation of the Special Schistosomiasis Control Program by the National Health Foundation (Machado 1982). The product used in the program was niclosamide, an ethanolamine salt of 2',5-dichloro-4'-nitrosalicylanilide, manufactured under the trade name Bayluscide  , whose efficacy had previously been established (Gonnert 1961). Application of this product caused biocidal action on non-target plants and animals (Andrews et al. 1983), besides causing genotoxicity and carcinogenic effects (Vega et al. 1988). The high cost (Pieri 1995), the possibility of recolonization of breeding grounds (Sarquis et al. 1997(Sarquis et al. , 1998, and the ecological toxicity of this product were limitations on its use as an official molluscide in government programs to control schistosomiasis.At the same time, various plants were tested as natural molluscides. Jurberg et al. (1989) (Mendes et al. 1984). Of these, E. splendens stands out for its molluscidal activity in doses under 0.5 mg/l, eight times smaller than the lethal dose for fish (Vasconcellos & Schall 1986).Some questions have arisen in the selection of plant molluscides, such as: toxicity, availability, annual growth, adaptability to different local conditions, and location of molluscidal activity in parts of the plant that easily regenerate, such as the leaves. To be eligible for use, a product must be storable and remain viable for at least one year; be physically and chemically stable; have ethnobotanical value; and be easy to extract and apply, preferably in aqueous extracts (Kloos & McCullough 1982). Considering all these criteria, in 1998 the Oswaldo Cruz Institute (IOC, Fiocruz, RJ) obtained a biotechnology patent on a method to collect, extract and apply E. splendens var. hislopii latex as a molluscide (Vasconcellos 2000).In the published works on plants with molluscidal action and ...

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 60%

Physiological changes in Biomphalaria glabrata say, 1818 (Pulmonata: Planorbidae) caused by sub-lethal concentrations of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii N.E.B (Euphorbiaceae)

Mello-Silva

Vasconcellos

Pinheiro

et al. 2006

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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“…The low level of glucose in the haemolymph slows glycogenesis and accelerates gluconeogenesis. The hypoglycaemic effect in trematode-infected animals indicates the glycemic regulation also observed in Lymnaea stagnalis and vertebrates (Livingstone & de Zwaan 1983). The homeostasis of glucose content in the haemolymph of B. glabrata was observed by Thompson and Lee (1986).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%

Carbohydrate metabolism alterations in Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni and exposed to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex

Mello-Silva¹,

Vilar²,

Vasconcellos

et al. 2010

Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz

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Biomphalaria glabrata is the main intermediate host involved in schistosomiasis in Brazil. Studies have shown that physiological stress conditions, such as infection with Schistosoma mansoni, starvation, aestivation and exposure to molluscicides, can alter its carbohydrate metabolism (Schwartz & Carter 1982, Becker 1983, Bezerra et al. 1999, Alcanfor 2001, Mello-Silva et al. 2006a). These changes can alter the glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis and glycolysis in the snail.One of most promising Brazilian molluscicides is the crude extract of Euphorbia splendens (Sin. Euphorbia milii), which under laboratory and field conditions meets the recommendations of the WHO for use as a natural molluscicide (Vasconcellos & Amorim 2003). Mello-Silva et al. (2006a, 2007 studied the influence of sublethal doses of the latex of this plant on the carbohydrate and protein metabolism and reproductive biology of B. glabrata and found strong metabolic changes leading to a reduction in its population and consequently in the transmission of the parasite. In spite of this potential, there are no studies of the influence of this product on the physiology of Biomphalaria infected with S. mansoni.The present paper examines the action of the latex of E. splendens var. hislopii on the glucose content of the haemolymph and on the carbohydrate (glycogen) deposits of B. glabrata (BH strain) infected with S. mansoni (BH strain). MATERIALS AND METHODSObtaining the latex of E. splendens var. hislopiiSamples of E. splendens var. hislopii latex were collected in the autumn from plants cultivated in plots near the Biology Department, Fiocruz, in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The latex was collected as described by Vasconcellos and Amorim (2003) on the same day the tests were conducted.Lethal dose experiment -Using the recently collected latex, an aqueous stock solution at a concentration of 100 mg/L was prepared and, from this, solutions of different concentrations were prepared for use in the bioassays. The lethal (LC 90 ) and sublethal (LC 50 ) concentrations were determined according to Vasconcellos and Amorim (2003), as recommended by the World Health Organization (1983) and Mott (1987). The LC 50 and LC 90 values were, respectively, 1.0 mg/L and 2.3 mg/L (Mello-Silva et al. 2006a).Balloon flasks (1000 mL) were used and the latex solution was divided into two 500 mL glass beakers. The groups of B. glabrata (BH lineage), infected and uninfected, respectively, were placed in LC 50 solutions and exposed for 24 h (Vasconcellos & Amorim 2003) at 21ºC. Two glass beakers received 500 mL of distilled water without latex as a control group. None of the snails was fed during this period.After the latex exposure period, the snails were removed from the flasks and rinsed in distilled water to remove the residues. The number of dead specimens was noted. (1990). The snails were grouped according to their infection stage (1 day and 1, 2, 3 and 4 weeks post exposure). In each period analysed, 100 infected and 20 uninfected snails (control) were used. Sixty infected sn...

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“…Goddard & Martin, 1966;Livingstone & de Zwaan, 1983;White et al, 2006). This also allows them to survive prolonged food deprivation, irrespective of aerial exposure.…”

Section: Survivalmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…A special physiological adaptation of some freshwater gastropods to prolonged air exposure is aestivation (Machin, 1975;Livingstone & de Zwaan, 1983). This is an aerobic dormancy exhibited in arid conditions including the lack of water and food as well as high temperatures (Nowakowska, 2011).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Effect of substratum drying on the survival and migrations of a freshwater pulmonate snail Planorbarius corneus (Linnaeus, 1758)

et al. 2014

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Pulmonate snails inhabiting the near-shore zone of water bodies experience air exposure during water level fluctuations and some of them are known to survive long time in temporary basins. In laboratory, we investigated survival and behavioural defences (horizontal migrations and burrowing in substratum) of adult pulmonate snails Planorbarius corneus during substratum (sand and organic-rich) drying. We examined horizontal migrations at shorter and longer distances (24 and 48 cm), during gradual (8 days) or sudden water level drop rates. P. corneus was remarkably resistant to substratum drying, surviving 50 days on sand and more than 53 days on organic-rich bottom. The snails followed the retreating water level and grouped in the submerged parts of experimental tanks. This response was reduced on organic-rich bottom at a longer distance and with water level decreasing suddenly. Moreover, snails exposed to drying buried shallowly in both bottom types. Thus, P. corneus exhibited variable and efficient strategies enabling its survival during water level fluctuations, including active migrations following the retreating water level and burying in sediments.

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Carbohydrate Metabolism of Gastropods

Cited by 57 publications

References 158 publications

Physiological changes in Biomphalaria glabrata say, 1818 (Pulmonata: Planorbidae) caused by sub-lethal concentrations of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii N.E.B (Euphorbiaceae)

Physiological changes in Biomphalaria glabrata say, 1818 (Pulmonata: Planorbidae) caused by sub-lethal concentrations of the latex of Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii N.E.B (Euphorbiaceae)

Carbohydrate metabolism alterations in Biomphalaria glabrata infected with Schistosoma mansoni and exposed to Euphorbia splendens var. hislopii latex

Effect of substratum drying on the survival and migrations of a freshwater pulmonate snail Planorbarius corneus (Linnaeus, 1758)

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