Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Developing Endosperm of Rice Grains

Nakamura, Yasunori; Kazuhiro, Yuki; Park, Shin-Young; Ohya, Toshihide

doi:10.1093/oxfordjournals.pcp.a077813

Cited by 374 publications

(271 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…There is rarely any sign of β-amylase in unmalted rice, whereas our study found that the black waxy rice had a high β-amylase activity (102 U/g), which might be the latent form, similar to that which has been reported in barley 10 , wheat and buckwheat 25 . In the case of black non-waxy rice, it was consistent with Oryza sativa L. cv Arborio which has almost no β-amylase activity in the unmalted grain (11 U/g) 23 .…”

Section: Unmalted Black Rice Propertiessupporting

confidence: 67%

Optimization of Malting Conditions for Two Black Rice Varieties, Black Non-Waxy Rice and Black Waxy Rice (Oryza sativa L. Indica)

Usansa

Burberg

Geiger

et al. 2011

Journal of the Institute of Brewing

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Two black rice varieties, "black non-waxy" and "black waxy", were investigated as possible raw materials for the production of malt. The malting conditions were optimised using response surface methodology. The three process parameters were steeping, germination time and temperature. Each parameter was tested at three levels: adjustment degrees of steeping were 38, 41, and 44%, germination times were 6, 7, and 8 days, and the temperatures were 20, 25 and 30°C. At the end of the germination process, all samples were kilned at 50°C for 24 h, and shoot/rootlets were removed before a detailed quality assessment was performed. Data analysis was performed using the Design Expert Statistic Program. The optimal conditions found for both rice varieties were as follows: germination time of 8 days at 30°C and 44% grain moisture. Although the extract yield, and α-amylase and β-amylase activities of both rice malts were lower than barley malt, the higher activity of limit-dextrinase enzyme and apparent attenuation limit (AAL), which was higher than 80%, suggests that rice malt has potential for use in brewing.

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Section: Unmalted Black Rice Propertiessupporting

confidence: 67%

Optimization of Malting Conditions for Two Black Rice Varieties, Black Non-Waxy Rice and Black Waxy Rice (Oryza sativa L. Indica)

Usansa

Burberg

Geiger

et al. 2011

Journal of the Institute of Brewing

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“…The extraction procedure for AGPase, SSS, and amylase was performed as described previously (Nakamura et al, 1989). Briefly, the samples (0.5 g fresh weight) were blended together with 0.5 g PVP and 5 ml citrate buffer (50 mM HEPES-NaOH (pH 7.4), 8 mM MgCl 2 , 2 mM EDTA, 12.5% (v/v) glycerol, and 2% PVP-40) in a motordriven glass homogenizer.…”

Section: Preparation and Assay Of Enzymatic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

“…After centrifugation (12,000 g, 10 min), the supernatant was used as the enzyme extract. All preparations were carried out at 4 C. Enzyme activities were determined as described previously: AGPase (Nakamura et al, 1989), SSS (Nishi et al, 2001), a-amylase and b-amylase (Bernfeld, 1955). Protein content was determined using bovine serum albumin as the standard (Bradford, 1976).…”

Section: Preparation and Assay Of Enzymatic Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency on transcriptional regulation of genes encoding key enzymes of starch metabolism in duckweed ( Landoltia punctata )

Zhao

Shi

Wang

et al. 2015

Plant Physiology and Biochemistry

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“…The other enzymic activities were assayed essentially according to the references cited: the activities of SSS and GBSS were assayed according to Nakamura et al (1989). Amylose and amylopectin content were determined according to the Megazyme International Ireland 2006.…”

Section: Enzyme Isolation Assays and Starch Measurementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Starch accumulation, activities of key enzyme and gene expression in starch synthesis of wheat endosperm with different starch contents

ZiBu

et al. 2011

J Food Sci Technol

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In order to investigate starch accumulation, and the enzymes activity changes and the expression levels of genes and their relationships among them at different developmental stages of wheat grain. We choose Annong9912 and E28 were used in the study. During starch accumulating rate and grain filling rate, and there were obvious genotype difference between Annong9912 and E28. Whether low or high starch content of starch content, the accumulation courses of amylopectin, amylose and total starch were well fitted to the logistic equation by relating starch contents against DAP. The simulation parameters revealed that the higher contents of amylopectin and amylose resulted from earlier initiating accumulation time and greater accumulation rate. And amylose, amylopectin and total starch accumulation rate of two wheat cultures were significantly and positively correlated with activities of SBE, SSS and GBSS, but amylose accumulation rate of E28 had no correlation with the activities of SBE. In addition, there were significant correlations among activities of SBE, SSS and GBSS in two wheat cultivars. We speculated that these enzymes proteins may have a coordinating action in starch biosynthesis within the amyloplast, operating as functional multiprotein complexes. And expression levels of enzyme genes demonstrated a single-peak curve, and 12-18 DAP reached their peaks and then began to drop, and all had high expression level in earlier stage of endosperm development, but in E28 were higher than in Annong9912. The GBSS-I transcripts on average were expressed over 60 times more than GBSS-II transcript in E28. SBE, SSS, DBE may control starch synthesis at the transcriptional level, and GBSS-I may control starch synthesis at the post transcriptional level. The expression level of DBE on average was lower than SS-1 and SBE-IIa genes, and similar to SS-III and SBE-IIb genes, but higher than GBSS-I and GBSS-II genes.

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Carbohydrate Metabolism in the Developing Endosperm of Rice Grains

Cited by 374 publications

References 16 publications

Optimization of Malting Conditions for Two Black Rice Varieties, Black Non-Waxy Rice and Black Waxy Rice (Oryza sativa L. Indica)

Optimization of Malting Conditions for Two Black Rice Varieties, Black Non-Waxy Rice and Black Waxy Rice (Oryza sativa L. Indica)

Effect of nitrogen and phosphorus deficiency on transcriptional regulation of genes encoding key enzymes of starch metabolism in duckweed ( Landoltia punctata )

Starch accumulation, activities of key enzyme and gene expression in starch synthesis of wheat endosperm with different starch contents

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