Rectification in nanopores is usually achieved by a fixed asymmetry in the pore geometry and charge distribution. We show here that nanoparticle blocking of a cylindrical pore induces rectifying properties that can support significant net currents with zero time-average potentials. To describe experimentally this effect, the steady-state current-voltage curves of a single nanopore are obtained for different charge states and relative sizes of the pore and the charged nanoparticles, which are present only on one side. The rectification phenomena observed can find applications in the area of nanofluidics and involves physical concepts that are also characteristic of the blocking of protein ion channels by ionic drugs. Net currents can be obtained with zero time-average forces in spatially asymmetric systems, 1-3 e.g., the ion channels inserted in biological membranes and nanofluidic diodes. [4][5][6][7] We have recently shown this effect in the pumping of potassium ions against an external concentration gradient imposed on the bacterial porin OmpF (outer membrane protein F) channel of Escherichia coli 5 as well as in a single asymmetric nanopore functionalized with amino acid groups. 4 We demonstrate in this Letter nanoparticle-induced rectification in a cylindrical pore using fundamental concepts of nanofluidics.Nanopores track-etched in polymer films are more robust than ion channels and can be functionalized with electrically active moieties whose charge can be modulated externally through electrical, thermal, chemical, and optical signals, resulting in liquid-state transistors useful for separation, energy conversion, and chemical information processing. [8][9][10][11][12] We are concerned with a nanoparticle-induced gating that supports rectification in a cylindrical nanopore (Fig. 1), as opposed to the usual case of an asymmetric pore geometry and charge distribution. 4,7,[11][12][13][14] The nanopore is symmetric but the system as a whole is not completely symmetric because the charged nanoparticles are present only on one side of the pore.Nanoparticle blocking and release has previously been used for stochastic electrophoretic capture at the tip of conical pores using a scanning electrochemical microscope. 14,15 However, our aim here is not to obtain the particle characteristics from the individual blocking and release events recorded in the current traces of an asymmetric membrane.14,15 Rather, we will show that net currents can result from zero time-average forces in a single cylindrical nanopore because of partial blocking of the pore. We demonstrate this effect for different charges and relative sizes of the nanostructures (see Fig. 1) allowing significant blocking for small pores (r > R) and particle translocation for large pores (r < R). The obvious case r ) R was not considered because we wanted to show that it is possible to tune the pore diameters in the experimental range R min < r < R max and obtain significant blocking and rectification effects.The results are of interest not only to nanofluidi...