Carbohydrate intake attenuates post-exercise plasma levels of cytochrome P450-generated oxylipins

Abstract

IntroductionOxylipins are bioactive oxidation products derived from n-6 and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the linoleic acid and α-linolenic desaturation pathways.PurposeThis study determined if carbohydrate intake during prolonged and intensive cycling countered post-exercise increases in n-6 and n-3 PUFA-derived oxylipins.MethodsThe research design utilized a randomized, crossover, counterbalanced approach with cyclists (N = 20, overnight fasted state, 7:00 am start) who engaged in four 75-km time trials while ingesting two types of bananas (Cavendish, Mini-yellow), a 6% sugar beverage, and water only. Carbohydrate intake was set at 0.2 g/kg every 15 minutes, and blood samples were collected pre-exercise and 0 h-, 0.75 h-,1.5 h-, 3 h-, 4.5 h-, 21 h-, 45 h-post-exercise. Oxylipins were measured with a targeted liquid chromatography-multiple reaction monitoring mass spectrometric method.ResultsSignificant time effects and substantial fold-increases (immediately post-exercise/pre-exercise) were measured for plasma levels of arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and 43 of 45 oxylipins. Significant interaction effects (4 trials x 8 time points) were found for plasma ARA (P<0.001) and DHA (P<0.001), but not EPA (P = 0.255), with higher post-exercise values found in the water trial compared to the carbohydrate trials. Significant interaction effects were also measured for 12 of 45 oxylipins. The data supported a strong exercise-induced increase in plasma levels of these oxylipins during the water trial, with carbohydrate ingestion (both bananas types and the sugar beverage) attenuating oxylipin increases, especially those (9 of 12) generated from the cytochrome P-450 (CYP) enzyme system. These trials differences were especially apparent within the first three hours of recovery from the 75-km cycling bout.ConclusionsProlonged and intensive exercise evoked a transient but robust increase in plasma levels of oxylipins, with a significant attenuation effect linked to acute carbohydrate ingestion for 28% of these, especially those generated through the CYP enzyme system.Trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, U.S. National Institutes of Health, NCT02994628

Impact of a weight loss and fitness intervention on exercise‐associated plasma oxylipin patterns in obese, insulin‐resistant, sedentary women

“…A survey of all metabolite patterns individually (Materials ) further highlights acute reductions in most OxLs, remaining low or rising with time to concentrations about the same as the pre‐exercise sample (even if not statistically significant due to high variability). This contrasts with at least one previous report using a 75 km time trial model in male and female cyclists, in which OxL concentrations were generally increased immediately following the exercise challenge (Nieman et al, 2019). Qualitatively similar to our results, following a 40 min workout test at 70% of heart rate reserve in healthy men and women, Stanford et al found that 13 blood OxLs were significantly reduced: 9‐oxoODE, 13‐oxoODE, 9‐HOTrE, 13‐HOTrE/13‐HOTrE(r), 13‐HODE, 9(10)‐EpOME, 9‐HEPE (hydroxyeicosa(penta)enoic acid), 12‐oxoETE, 14(15)‐EET, 12‐oxo‐LTB4, 8‐HDHA, 19(20)‐EpDPE and LTC4 (Stanford et al, 2018).…”

“…The third key observation from the current study relates to 12,13‐DiHOME, an OxL previously reported as increased following a submaximal exercise bout (40 min workout at 70% of heart rate reserve or a 75 km time trial model in adults) (Nieman et al, 2019; Stanford et al, 2018) and mice (Stanford et al, 2018). This metabolite has been implicated in promotion of muscle fatty acid uptake, C2C12 myotube and whole‐body fatty acid oxidation, and increased myotube O 2 consumption capacity in C2C12 myotubes (Stanford et al, 2018).…”

“…The current experiment extends those results through to OxL and eCB lipid mediators. Very few studies have considered OxL patterns during exercise (e.g., Giordano et al, 2011; Gollasch, Dogan, Rothe, Gollasch, & Luft, 2019; Nieman et al, 2019; Stanford et al, 2018) and no studies, to our knowledge, have determined how improved metabolic health and fitness in previously sedentary overweight individuals influences OxL or eCB patterns. Our results point to several important take‐home messages.…”

Exercise-Induced Changes in Bioactive Lipids Might Serve as Potential Predictors of Post-Exercise Hypotension. A Pilot Study in Healthy Volunteers

“…Using LC-MS/MS analyses with close-meshed time kinetics, we observed an increase in most plasma lipids in the early post-exercise phase. These data are consistent with previous studies which showed an increase in AA and 5-, 12-, 15-and 20-HETEs in plasma [24,27] and of 5-, 12-and 15-HETE in muscle biopsies [26] after exercise. Other reports revealed reduction of AA [23] or found no significant changes at all [25].…”

“…Thus far, there have been only few initial studies that investigated arachidonic acid metabolites in plasma, serum or muscle tissue after different types of exercise. The results of these studies showed exercise-induced regulation of various AA metabolites [23][24][25][26][27]. However, none of these reports assessed the function of these mediators in correlation with induction of PEH.…”