Carbohydrate intake and glycemic index affect substrate oxidation during a controlled weight cycle in healthy men

Kahlhöfer, Julia; Lagerpusch, Merit; Enderlé, J; Eggeling, B.; Braun, Wiebke; Pape, Detlef; Müller, Manfred J.; Bosy‐Westphal, Anja

doi:10.1038/ejcn.2014.132

Cited by 27 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 41 publications

(56 reference statements)

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“…Weight regain was affected by CHO (<0.01) and GI x CHO interaction (p<0.05). Results of changes in body weight and fat mass by intervention groups on the same database are previously published [21]. In brief, weight regain was affected by CHO (<0.01) and GI x CHO interaction (p<0.05).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This paper focuses on a secondary aim of a previously published trial investigating the effect of carbohydrate intake and glycemic index on resting energy expenditure and substrate oxidation [21]. The study protocol was approved by the ethical committee of the Medical Faculty of the Christian-Albrechts-University of Kiel in November 2010.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Subjects and methods of this study have been described in more detail elsewhere [21,22]. Recruitment started in February 2011 and follow-up was finished in September 2012.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endocrine Determinants of Changes in Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion during a Weight Cycle in Healthy Men

et al. 2015

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ObjectiveChanges in insulin sensitivity (IS) and insulin secretion occur with perturbations in energy balance and glycemic load (GL) of the diet that may precede the development of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia. Determinants of changes in IS and insulin secretion with weight cycling in non-obese healthy subjects remain unclear.MethodsIn a 6wk controlled 2-stage randomized dietary intervention 32 healthy men (26±4y, BMI: 24±2kg/m2) followed 1wk of overfeeding (OF), 3wks of caloric restriction (CR) containing either 50% or 65% carbohydrate (CHO) and 2wks of refeeding (RF) with the same amount of CHO but either low or high glycaemic index at ±50% energy requirement. Measures of IS (basal: HOMA-index, postprandial: Matsuda-ISI), insulin secretion (early: Stumvoll-index, total: tAUC-insulin/tAUC-glucose) and potential endocrine determinants (ghrelin, leptin, adiponectin, thyroid hormone levels, 24h-urinary catecholamine excretion) were assessed.ResultsIS improved and insulin secretion decreased due to CR and normalized upon RF. Weight loss-induced improvements in basal and postprandial IS were associated with decreases in leptin and increases in ghrelin levels, respectively (r = 0.36 and r = 0.62, p<0.05). Weight regain-induced decrease in postprandial IS correlated with increases in adiponectin, fT3, TSH, GL of the diet and a decrease in ghrelin levels (r-values between -0.40 and 0.83, p<0.05) whereas increases in early and total insulin secretion were associated with a decrease in leptin/adiponectin-ratio (r = -0.52 and r = -0.46, p<0.05) and a decrease in fT4 (r = -0.38, p<0.05 for total insulin secretion only). After controlling for GL associations between RF-induced decrease in postprandial IS and increases in fT3 and TSH levels were no longer significant.ConclusionWeight cycling induced changes in IS and insulin secretion were associated with changes in all measured hormones, except for catecholamine excretion. While leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin seem to be the major endocrine determinants of IS, leptin/adiponectin-ratio and fT4 levels may impact changes in insulin secretion with weight cycling.Trial RegistrationClinicalTrials.gov NCT01737034

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Endocrine Determinants of Changes in Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion during a Weight Cycle in Healthy Men

et al. 2015

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“…2–4 A lack of metabolic flexibility has been associated with obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and metabolic syndrome. 5 Previous research has suggested that inflexibility of substrate utilization may impair fat oxidation at rest, 6 increase weight gain with overfeeding, 6 and contribute to the development of insulin resistance. 1 Metabolic flexibility may also have important implications for athletic performance by enhancing fat oxidation at rest, thus sparing glycogen for periods of high-intensity activity, and by facilitating CHO utilization during high intensity exercise.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…3 Metabolic flexibility has previously been related to increased insulin sensitivity and mitochondrial oxidative capacity, 4, 7, 8 but may also be influenced by dietary macronutrient intake and distribution. 6, 9 …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary macronutrient distribution influences postexercise substrate utilization in women: a cross-sectional evaluation of metabolic flexibility

Trexler

Smith‐Ryan

Wingfield

et al. 2017

J Sports Med Phys Fitness

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Exercise training‐induced improvement in skeletal muscle PGC‐1α‐mediated fat metabolism is independent of dietary glycemic index

Mulya

Haus

Solomon

et al. 2017

Obesity

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ObjectiveWe hypothesized that a low glycemic diet combined with exercise would increase expression of nuclear regulators of fat transport and oxidation in insulin-resistant skeletal muscle.MethodNineteen subjects (64±1 yrs; 34±1 kg/m2) were randomized to receive isocaloric high- (HiGIX; 80±0.6 units, N=10) or low-glycemic index (LoGIX; 40±0.3 units, N=9) diets combined with supervised exercise (1 h/d, 5 d/wk at ~85% HRmax) for 12 weeks. Insulin sensitivity was determined by hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp. Skeletal muscle biopsies were obtained before and after the intervention to assess fasting gene and protein expression.ResultsWeight loss was similar for both groups (9.5±1.3 kg). Likewise, improvements in insulin sensitivity (P<0.002), and PPARγ (P<0.002), PGC-1α (P=0.003), CD36 (P=0.003), FABP3 [mRNA, P=0.01 and protein, P=0.02], and CPT1B [mRNA, P=0.03 and protein, P=0.008] expression were similar for both interventions. Increased insulin sensitivity correlated with increased PGC-1α expression (P=0.04), and increased fasting fat oxidation correlated with increased FABP3 (P=0.04) and CPT1B (P=0.05) expression.ConclusionsAn exercise/diet program resulting in an 8–10% weight loss improved insulin sensitivity and key molecular mechanisms in skeletal muscle that are controlled by PGC-1α. These effects were independent of the glycemic index of the diets.

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Carbohydrate intake and glycemic index affect substrate oxidation during a controlled weight cycle in healthy men

Abstract: Both higher GI and higher carbohydrate content affect substrate oxidation and thus the regain in body weight in healthy men. These results argue in favor of a lower glycemic load diet for weight maintenance after weight loss.

Cited by 27 publications

References 41 publications

Endocrine Determinants of Changes in Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion during a Weight Cycle in Healthy Men

Endocrine Determinants of Changes in Insulin Sensitivity and Insulin Secretion during a Weight Cycle in Healthy Men

Dietary macronutrient distribution influences postexercise substrate utilization in women: a cross-sectional evaluation of metabolic flexibility

Exercise training‐induced improvement in skeletal muscle PGC‐1α‐mediated fat metabolism is independent of dietary glycemic index

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