Carbohydrate hastens hypervolemia achieved through ingestion of aqueous sodium solution in resting euhydrated humans

Fujii, Naoto; Sugihara, Akira; Watanabe, Kazuhito; Niwa, Takehiro; Katagiri, Akira; Moriyama, Shodai; Miyanagi, Izumi; Kojima, Jumpei; Nishiyasu, Takeshi

doi:10.1007/s00421-021-04788-0

Cited by 3 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 43 publications

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“…Nonetheless, liquid solutions have been reported to have better fluid retention properties than tablet formulations [ 192 ]. Notably, adding 6% dextrin to 120 mmol/L or 180 mmol/L sodium solutions was recently reported to accelerate sodium hypervolemic response in euhydrated individuals under resting conditions; and, therefore, this combination was proposed as an effective strategy to optimize timing when approaching hyperhydration strategies through hastening of the hypervolemic response, along with building on the evidence and science for hyperhydration and CES formulations [ 193 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Exercise Timing On Carbohydrate–electrolyte Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One important aspect to consider is the amount of sodium needed to facilitate the hypervolemic response prior to exercise. The aforementioned study conducted by Fuji et al reported no differences in cumulative urine or plasma volume between 120 mmol/L or 180 mmol/L sodium concentrations, thus denoting that sodium levels higher than 120 mmol/L might not lead to additional benefits in terms of changes in plasma volume [ 193 ]. In a previous study, water and three solutions containing 60, 120, or 180 mmol/L sodium, respectively, were compared [ 194 ].…”

Section: Impact Of Exercise Timing On Carbohydrate–electrolyte Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Compositional Aspects of Beverages Designed to Promote Hydration Before, During, and After Exercise: Concepts Revisited

Pérez-Castillo,

Williams,

López-Chicharro

et al. 2023

Nutrients

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Hypohydration can impair aerobic performance and deteriorate cognitive function during exercise. To minimize hypohydration, athletes are recommended to commence exercise at least euhydrated, ingest fluids containing sodium during long-duration and/or high-intensity exercise to prevent body mass loss over 2% and maintain elevated plasma osmolality, and rapidly restore and retain fluid and electrolyte homeostasis before a second exercise session. To achieve these goals, the compositions of the fluids consumed are key; however, it remains unclear what can be considered an optimal formulation for a hydration beverage in different settings. While carbohydrate–electrolyte solutions such as sports drinks have been extensively explored as a source of carbohydrates to meet fuel demands during intense and long-duration exercise, these formulas might not be ideal in situations where fluid and electrolyte balance is impaired, such as practicing exercise in the heat. Alternately, hypotonic compositions consisting of moderate to high levels of electrolytes (i.e., ≥45 mmol/L), mainly sodium, combined with low amounts of carbohydrates (i.e., <6%) might be useful to accelerate intestinal water absorption, maintain plasma volume and osmolality during exercise, and improve fluid retention during recovery. Future studies should compare hypotonic formulas and sports drinks in different exercise settings, evaluating different levels of sodium and/or other electrolytes, blends of carbohydrates, and novel ingredients for addressing hydration and rehydration before, during, and after exercise.

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Section: Impact Of Exercise Timing On Carbohydrate–electrolyte Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Impact Of Exercise Timing On Carbohydrate–electrolyte Solutionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Compositional Aspects of Beverages Designed to Promote Hydration Before, During, and After Exercise: Concepts Revisited

Pérez-Castillo,

Williams,

López-Chicharro

et al. 2023

Nutrients

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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The Effect of Pre-Exercise Hyperhydration on Exercise Performance, Physiological Outcomes and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Systematic Review

et al. 2023

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Background Fluid loss during prolonged exercise in hot conditions poses thermoregulatory and cardiovascular challenges for athletes that can lead to impaired performance. Pre-exercise hyperhydration using nutritional aids is a strategy that may prevent or delay the adverse effects of dehydration and attenuate the impact of heat stress on exercise performance. Objectives The aim of this systematic review was to examine the current literature to determine the effect of pre-exercise hyperhydration on performance, key physiological responses and gastrointestinal symptoms. Methods English language, full-text articles that compared the intervention with a baseline or placebo condition were included. An electronic search of Medline Complete, SPORTDiscus and Embase were used to identify articles with the final search conducted on 11 October 2022. Studies were assessed using the American Dietetic Association Quality Criteria Checklist. Results Thirty-eight studies involving 403 participants (n = 361 males) were included in this review (n = 22 assessed exercise performance or capacity). Two studies reported an improvement in time-trial performance (range 5.7–11.4%), three studies reported an improvement in total work completed (kJ) (range 4–5%) and five studies reported an increase in exercise capacity (range 14.3–26.2%). During constant work rate exercise, nine studies observed a reduced mean heart rate (range 3–11 beats min−1), and eight studies reported a reduced mean core temperature (range 0.1–0.8 °C). Ten studies reported an increase in plasma volume (range 3.5–12.6%) compared with a control. Gastrointestinal symptoms were reported in 26 studies, with differences in severity potentially associated with factors within the ingestion protocol of each study (e.g. treatment, dose, ingestion rate). Conclusions Pre-exercise hyperhydration may improve exercise capacity during constant work rate exercise due to a reduced heart rate and core temperature, stemming from an acute increase in plasma volume. The combination of different osmotic aids (e.g. glycerol and sodium) may enhance fluid retention and this area should continue to be explored. Future research should utilise valid and reliable methods of assessing gastrointestinal symptoms. Furthermore, studies should investigate the effect of hyperhydration on different exercise modalities whilst implementing a strong level of blinding. Finally, females are vastly underrepresented, and this remains a key area of interest in this area.

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Effects of ingesting beverages containing glycerol and sodium with isomaltulose or sucrose on fluid retention in young adults: a single-blind, randomized crossover trial

Otsuka,

Okamoto,

Enoki

et al. 2024

Appl. Physiol. Nutr. Metab.

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We evaluated changes in hyperhydration and beverage hydration index (BHI, a composite measure of fluid balance after consuming a test beverage relative to water) during resting, induced by the consumption of beverages containing glycerol and sodium supplemented with fast-absorbing sucrose or slow-absorbing isomaltulose. In a randomized crossover, single-blinded protocol (clinical trials registry: UMIN000042644), fourteen young physically active adults (3 women) consumed 1 L of beverage containing either 7% glycerol + 0.5% sodium (Gly+Na), Gly+Na plus 7% sucrose (Gly+Na+Suc), Gly+Na plus 7% isomaltulose (Gly+Na+Iso), or water (CON) over a 40 min period. We assessed the change in plasma volume (ΔPV), BHI (calculated from cumulative urine output following consumption of water relative to that of the beverage), and blood glucose and sodium for 180 min after initiating ingestion. Total urine volume was reduced in all beverages containing glycerol and sodium compared to CON (all P  0.002). The addition of isomaltulose increased BHI by ~45% (3.43 ± 1.0 vs 2.50 ± 0.7 for Gly+Na, P = 0.011) whereas sucrose did not (2.6 ± 0.6, P = 0.826). The PV expansion was earliest for Gly+Na (30 min), slower for Gly+Na+Suc (90 min), and slowest for Gly+Na+Iso (120 min) with a concomitant lag in the increase of blood glucose and sodium concentrations. Supplementation of beverages containing glycerol and sodium with isomaltulose but not sucrose enhances BHI from those of glycerol and sodium only under a resting state, likely due to the slow absorption of isomaltulose-derived monosaccharides (i.e., glucose and fructose).

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Carbohydrate hastens hypervolemia achieved through ingestion of aqueous sodium solution in resting euhydrated humans

Cited by 3 publications

References 43 publications

Compositional Aspects of Beverages Designed to Promote Hydration Before, During, and After Exercise: Concepts Revisited

Compositional Aspects of Beverages Designed to Promote Hydration Before, During, and After Exercise: Concepts Revisited

The Effect of Pre-Exercise Hyperhydration on Exercise Performance, Physiological Outcomes and Gastrointestinal Symptoms: A Systematic Review

Effects of ingesting beverages containing glycerol and sodium with isomaltulose or sucrose on fluid retention in young adults: a single-blind, randomized crossover trial

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