Carbohydrate feedings before, during, or in combination improve cycling endurance performance

Wright, David; Sherman, W. M.; Dernbach, A. R.

doi:10.1152/jappl.1991.71.3.1082

Cited by 206 publications

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“…Whilst individuals concerned purely with weight management may not be overly concerned about carbohydrate availability, consuming adequate carbohydrate is of primary importance to individuals wanting to maximise athletic performance (55,56) . Several studies have demonstrated that consumption of carbohydrate in the morning can improve exercise performance compared with performing exercise in the overnight fasted state (57)(58)(59)(60)(61)(62)(63) . However, the majority of these studies provided carbohydrate drinks rather than a typical breakfast meal, and therefore may not accurately represent breakfast consumption and omission per se.…”

Section: Effect Of Breakfast On Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Clayton

James

2015

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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The belief that breakfast is the most important meal of day has been derived from cross-sectional studies that have associated breakfast consumption with a lower BMI. This suggests that breakfast omission either leads to an increase in energy intake or a reduction in energy expenditure over the remainder of the day, resulting in a state of positive energy balance. However, observational studies do not imply causality. A number of intervention studies have been conducted, enabling more precise determination of breakfast manipulation on indices of energy balance. This review will examine the results from these studies in adults, attempting to identify causal links between breakfast and energy balance, as well as determining whether consumption of breakfast influences exercise performance. Despite the associations in the literature, intervention studies have generally found a reduction in total daily energy intake when breakfast is omitted from the daily meal pattern. Moreover, whilst consumption of breakfast supresses appetite during the morning, this effect appears to be transient as the first meal consumed after breakfast seems to offset appetite to a similar extent, independent of breakfast. Whether breakfast affects energy expenditure is less clear. Whilst breakfast does not seem to affect basal metabolism, breakfast omission may reduce free-living physical activity and endurance exercise performance throughout the day. In conclusion, the available research suggests breakfast omission may influence energy expenditure more strongly than energy intake. Longer term intervention studies are required to confirm this relationship, and determine the impact of these variables on weight management. Breakfast skipping: Satiety: Gut hormonesOverweight and obesity are defined as a BMI of 25-29·9 and >30 kg/m 2 , respectively, and are positively associated with several chronic diseases, representing a substantial health and economic burden on society (1,2) . Obesity is a growing concern with the worldwide prevalence of obesity more than doubling between 1980 and 2008 (3) . It has also been shown that BMI increases continuously throughout adulthood (4) suggesting that longterm behavioural changes are required to curtail this pattern of weight gain. This necessitates the study of both lean and overweight populations, to ensure that dietary interventions are applicable for both reducing BMI in overweight and obese populations, and preventing the increase of BMI in lean populations.Breakfast can be defined as the first meal of the day, consumed within 2 h of waking, before commencing daily activities, and has been suggested to contain 20-35 % of daily estimated energy requirements (5) . Breakfast has long been considered an integral part of a healthy balanced diet (6) . This is partly due to associations in the literature that show individuals who regularly omit breakfast have a higher BMI (7,8) and increased prevalence of obesity-related chronic diseases (5) , including type-2 diabetes (9) and CHD (10) . Despite this, brea...

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Section: Effect Of Breakfast On Exercise Performancementioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Clayton

James

2015

Proc. Nutr. Soc.

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“…then consuming a carbohydrate-rich breakfast is the most important meal to achieve your 117 immediate goals (10) . (11) .…”

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Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

et al. 2016

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1The Bath Breakfast Project is a series of randomised controlled trials exploring the effects of 2 extended morning fasting on energy balance and health. These trials were categorically not 3 designed to answer whether or not breakfast is the most important meal of the day. However, this The broad field of nutrition and health is rife with myths, misconceptions and frequently 24 posed yet seemingly fundamental questions that we intuitively feel should have simple answers. 25Is a calorie a calorie? Is obesity due to eating too much or doing too little? Is breakfast the most 26 important meal of the day? Often there are simple answers, the first two being central to the 27 themes considered in this review and both absolutely yes (just as a second is a second, one 28

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“…Fats are supplied by meals, and also by adipose tissues, but CHO must be acquired from meals before exercise because little is stored as glycogen in the liver or muscle tissue. Previous studies have been conducted on the ergogenic effects of CHO feeding before exercise (1)(2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10). It was reported that CHO solution (such as glucose and maltodextrin) feeding before exercise can improve exercise performance through enhanced endurance exercise capacity (2,4,5,10).…”

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confidence: 99%

The Effect of the Timing of Meal Intake on Energy Metabolism during Moderate Exercise

Sasaki

Nakae²,

Ebine

et al. 2014

J Nutr Sci Vitaminol

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During exercise, the energy consumed in muscle tissue is mainly supplied by carbohydrates (CHO) and fats. In regard to health promotion and athletic sports, it is important to regulate the metabolism of these two substrates. Fats are supplied by meals, and also by adipose tissues, but CHO must be acquired from meals before exercise because little is stored as glycogen in the liver or muscle tissue. Previous studies have been conducted on the ergogenic effects of CHO feeding before exercise (1-10). It was reported that CHO solution (such as glucose and maltodextrin) feeding before exercise can improve exercise performance through enhanced endurance exercise capacity (2,4,5,10). Moreover, it was also reported that CHO mixed meal feeding before exercise can improve endurance exercise capacity (7,9,11).The intake of CHO elevates the secretion of insulin from the pancreas into the blood. Glucose and insulin in plasma reach a peak approximately 30 min after the ingestion of CHO and thereafter gradually decrease to the basal level. Insulin facilitates glucose uptake into skeletal muscle cells via the translocation of glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) and then increases CHO oxidation. On the other hand, insulin prevents fat oxidation in muscle tissue by inhibition of lipoprotein lipase activity (12). Hyperinsulinemia tends to supply energy with a predominance of CHO over fats as the energy source in the initial period during exercise (7). Previous studies have shown, by examining timing of carbohydrate intake before exercise, that a shorter time from intake to exercise increases blood glucose and insulin levels at the start of exercise and these factors gradually decrease after the start of exercise (9, 10). Moreover, Chryssanthopoulos et al. (5) have reported that glucose intake at 30 min before exercise causes a rapid reduction of blood glucose after the beginning of exercise. On the other hand, Coyle et al. (13) have shown that carbohydrate utilization during exercise is higher under the condition of meal intake at 4 h before exercise compared with the fasting condition. Therefore, regardless of the timing of carbohydrate intake, it is likely that carbohydrate intake before exercise promotes its utilization as a major energy Life and Environmental Sciences, Kyoto Prefectural University, 1-5 Hangi-cho, Shimogamo, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto, Kyoto 606-8522, Japan (Received June 5, 2013) Summary Although the intake of carbohydrates is important for the supplementation of energy substrate utilized during exercise, fat oxidation is possibly prevented by an elevation of insulin, and whether or not the timing of the intake of meals affects energy metabolism during exercise has not been clarified. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of the timing of the intake of meals taken at different times before exercise on the carbohydrate and fat metabolism during aerobic exercise. The subjects were eight young trained athletes who performed cycling exercise at the lactate threshold (LT) intensity for 60 min. They performe...

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Carbohydrate feedings before, during, or in combination improve cycling endurance performance

Cited by 206 publications

References 0 publications

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

The effect of breakfast on appetite regulation, energy balance and exercise performance

Is breakfast the most important meal of the day?

The Effect of the Timing of Meal Intake on Energy Metabolism during Moderate Exercise

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