Carbohydrate Core–Shell Electrosprayed Microcapsules for Enhanced Oxidative Stability of Vitamin A Palmitate

Abstract

Vitamin A is an essential micronutrient that is readily oxidized. In this study, the encapsulation of vitamin A palmitate (AP) within a core–shell carbohydrate matrix by co-axial electrospray and its oxidative stability was evaluated. The electrosprayed core–shell microcapsules consisted of a shell of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified corn starch, maltose (Hi-Cap), and a core of ethyl cellulose–AP (average diameter of about 3.7 µm). The effect of different compounds (digestion-resistant maltodextrin, soy protein hydrolysate, casein protein hydrolysate, and lecithin) added to the base core–shell matrix formulation on the oxidative stability of AP was investigated. The oxidative stability of AP was evaluated using isothermal and non-isothermal differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and Raman and Attenuated Total Reflectance–Fourier Transform Infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy methods. The core–shell carbohydrate matrix minimizes the amount of AP present at the microparticle surface, thus protecting AP from oxidation. Furthermore, the most effective oxidation protection was achieved when casein protein hydrolysate was added to the core of the microcapsule due to hydrophobic and hydrogen bond interactions with AP and by the resistant maltodextrin in the shell, which acted as a filler. The utilization of ethanol as a solvent for the dispersion of the core compounds increased the hydrophobicity of the hydrolyzed proteins and contributed to the enhancement of their antioxidant ability. Both the carbohydrate core–shell microcapsule prepared by co-axial electrospray and the addition of oxidation protection compounds enhance the oxidative stability of the encapsulated AP.

Ethyl Cellulose-Core, OSA Starch-Shell Electrosprayed Microcapsules Enhance the Oxidative Stability of Loaded Fish Oil

“…It was also suggested that the monoaxially produced microcapsules showed the highest oxidation due to their emulsification steps and a longer processing time [ 32 ]. Moreover, in our previous study, core–shell electrosprayed microcapsules of ethyl cellulose-Hi–Cap also showed an enhanced oxidative stability of the lipophilic vitamin A palmitate, mainly due to the absence of the bioactive compound on the surface of the microcapsules, as observed by DSC- isothermal analysis [ 33 ].…”

“…The oxidative stability of encapsulated CLO was evaluated in an oxygen atmosphere by the DSC isothermal method, using the DSC 250 (TA instrument Ltd., New Castle, UK) oxidation induction time (OIT) method described by Fallahasghari et al [ 33 ]. The DSC was calibrated with high-purity indium standard.…”

“…Fish oil encapsulated within coaxial electrosprayed (ES) microcapsules showed lower oxidation than fish oil encapsulated within monoaxially electrosprayed capsules [ 32 ]. Furthermore, electrosprayed core–shell microcapsules can enhance the oxidative stability of other sensitive lipophilic compounds [ 33 ].…”

“…Our previous study showed that electrosprayed core–shell microcapsules made of a shell of octenyl succinic anhydride (OSA) modified corn starch, maltose (Hi–Cap), and a core of ethyl cellulose with vitamin A palmitate (AP) enhanced the oxidative stability of the encapsulated AP [ 33 ]. The present study investigated the development of ethyl cellulose core—OSA-modified starch shell electrosprayed microcapsules for the encapsulation of cod liver fish oil.…”

Improving Inhalation Performance with Particle Agglomeration via Combining Mechanical Dry Coating and Ultrasonic Vibration

“…Various studies have been conducted to investigate techniques for the preparation of core–shell drug particles to improve drug administration. Engineering the surface properties to develop micronized particles with a core–shell structure [ 8 , 9 , 10 ] or to achieve particle agglomeration with cohesive force to realize the efficient aerosolization and flowability are effective approaches in drug delivery [ 11 ]. The core–shell-structured particles have an optical particle size that is larger than the aerodynamic particle size of 5 μm, but they exhibit lower inertia due to their lower density, which could contribute to its superior aerodynamics; in comparison, particle agglomeration utilizes the cohesion of fine particles to form an agglomerate, and they deagglomerate into fine particles via collision in the inhaler.…”