Carbohydrate-Coated Gold–Silver Nanoparticles for Efficient Elimination of Multidrug Resistant Bacteria and in Vivo Wound Healing

Abstract

Multidrug resistant (MDR) bacteria have emerged as a major clinical challenge. The unavailability of effective antibiotics has necessitated the use of emerging nanoparticles as alternatives. In this work, we have developed carbohydrate-coated bimetallic nanoparticles (Au-AgNP, 30–40 nm diameter) that are nontoxic toward mammalian cells yet highly effective against MDR strains as compared to their monometallic counterparts (Ag-NP, Au-NP). The Au-AgNP is much more effective against Gram-negative MDR Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae when compared to most of the potent antibiotics. We demonstrate that in vivo, Au-AgNP is at least 11000 times more effective than Gentamicin in eliminating MDR Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) infecting mice skin wounds. Au-AgNP is able to heal and regenerate infected wounds faster and in scar-free manner. In vivo results show that this Au-AgNP is very effective antibacterial agent against MDR strains and does not produce adverse toxicity. We conclude that this bimetallic nanoparticle can be safe in complete skin regeneration in bacteria infected wounds.

Identification and Characterization of the CRISPR/Cas System in Staphylococcus aureus Strains From Diverse Sources

“…The cross pollution favors the outcome of MDR to different places far from its origin ( Uhlemann et al, 2017 ; Aeksiri et al, 2019 ; Cohen et al, 2019 ). The effort and the economic consumption to the development of antimicrobial products ( Chung and Khanum, 2017 ; Hashemi et al, 2018 ), mainly those are effective against MDR strains with metal in the form of a nanoparticle ( Alavi and Rai, 2019 ; Heidary et al, 2019 ; Kumar et al, 2019 ), have promoted the search of new treatments, particularly the treatment of bacteriophages ( Wernicki et al, 2017 ). The bacteriophages are being considered as an alternative to therapy in S. aureus MDR strains (MRSA), S. haemolyticus (MRSH), and Staphylococcus epidermidis (MRSE) infections ( Oduor et al, 2020 ).…”

Gene therapy in wound healing using nanotechnology

“…Vancomycin conjugated to gold was found to significantly increase antibacterial activity while conjugate use with photosensitizers enhances antifungal properties and wound healing 51,60,61 . Furthermore, wound healing challenges posed by multidrug‐resistant bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae , can be effectively targeted using a combination of carbohydrate‐coated silver‐gold NPs which is 11 000 times more effective than gentamicin 62 …”

“…51,60,61 Furthermore, wound healing challenges posed by multidrug-resistant bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Enterobacter cloacae, can be effectively targeted using a combination of carbohydrate-coated silver-gold NPs which is 11 000 times more effective than gentamicin. 62 Other common NP uses include liposomes, vesicles with at least one lipid layer, often used to deliver protein-based therapeutics. 63 They are usually composed of cholesterol and phosphatidylcholine molecules which allows easy cellular uptake due to its hydrophilic properties.…”

Antibacterial activity and mechanism of piperazine polymer

“…However, with the unreasonable application of antibiotics in recent decades, bacterial resistance is an increasing trend, even to the point of multiple drug resistance, which has led to great difficulty in treating infectious diseases 4–5 . Therefore, it is of growing urgency to develop and research new antibacterial materials along with conventional antibacterial agents to combat drug‐resistant bacteria 6–8 …”