Carbohydrate and Intense Sweeteners

O'Donnell, Kay

doi:10.1002/9780470995822.ch4

“…Neutralization with potassium hydroxide gives acesulfame-K (Clauss et al, 1993;O'Donnell, 2007). It has been reported that 5-chloroacesulfame (C4H4ClNO4S) is a possible metabolite and impurity arising from the sulphur trioxide process (Boehshar & Burgard, 2003).…”

Section: [K+] Descriptionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In solution the cyclamate solutions are stable to heat, light, and air across a wide pH range of 2 to 7 (Hunt et al, 2012). They can also withstand heat treatments such as pasteurization and ultra-high temperature processing (UHT) (O'Donnell, 2007).…”

Section: Physico-chemical Propertiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Review and synthesis of data on the potential environmental impact of artificial sweeteners

Lewis

¹

,

Tzilivakis

²

2021

EFSA Supporting Publications

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EFSA is implementing evidence-based risk assessments for the re-evaluation of certain sweeteners. The aim of this work was to ensure that, as part of the preparatory work done by EFSA to support its Panel on Food Additives and Flavourings (FAF) in reaching conclusions on the safety of permitted food additives, relevant information on the environmental risks associated with the use of the artificial sweeteners are identified. In the context of this re-evaluation process the following substances used as sweeteners were considered: acesulfame-K (E 950), salt of aspartame-acesulfame (E 962), sucralose (E 955), saccharins (E 954), thaumatin (E 957), neohesperidine DC (E 959), neotame (E 961), cyclamates (E 952) and the polyol sweeteners (sorbitols (E 420); mannitol (E 421); isomalt (E 953); maltitols (E 965); lactitol (E 966); xylitol (E 967) and erythritol (E 968)). Data was collated using a systematic review approach. Generally, the data identified was extremely limited particularly with respect to neohesperidine DC, neotame, thaumatin and the polyol sweeteners. However, there was also limited evidence to suggest their widespread occurrence in the environment. With respect to acesulfame-K, sucralose, cyclamates and saccharin multiple studies were identified that demonstrate the widespread distribution of these sweeteners in surface waters, groundwaters, coastal and marine waters. There are also studies showing their presence in drinking (tap) water supplies, rainwater and in atmospheric samples. However, these sweeteners do not appear to be highly toxic to aquatic species, at least not at environmental concentrations currently seen. The salt of aspartame-acesulfame easily dissociates into its two component sweeteners in the human body and the environment and so the review process also considered aspartame despite it not being a specific focus of the regulatory review process. Whilst there is some evidence to suggest aspartame is toxic to aquatic species it is not detected at levels of concern in the environment.

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“…Acesulfame-K is the generic name for the potassium salt of 6-methyl-1,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-one-2,2,dioxide. The synergistic effect of acesulfame-K with glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sucralose increases its sweetness intensity (O'Donnell, 2005). Acesulfame-K is not metabolized by the body; it is excreted unchanged (Calorie Control Council, 2007).…”

Section: Chemistry and Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Toxicity of Artificial Sweeteners

Whitehouse¹,

Boullata²,

McCauley³

2008

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Since their discovery, the safety of artificial sweeteners has been controversial. Artificial sweeteners provide the sweetness of sugar without the calories. As public health attention has turned to reversing the obesity epidemic in the United States, more individuals of all ages are choosing to use these products. These choices may be beneficial for those who cannot tolerate sugar in their diets (e.g., diabetics). However, scientists disagree about the relationships between sweeteners and lymphomas, leukemias, cancers of the bladder and brain, chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism, and systemic lupus. Recently these substances have received increased attention due to their effects on glucose regulation. Occupational health nurses need accurate and timely information to counsel individuals regarding the use of these substances. This article provides an overview of types of artificial sweeteners, sweetener history, chemical structure, biological fate, physiological effects, published animal and human studies, and current standards and regulations.

show abstract

“…Acesulfame-K is the generic name for the potassium salt of 6-methyl-l,2,3-oxathiazine-4(3H)-one-2,2,dioxide. The synergistic effect of acesulfame-K with glucose, fructose, sucrose, and sucralose increases its sweetness intensity (O'Donnell, 2005). Acesulfame-K is not metabolized by the body; it is excreted unchanged (Calorie Control Council, 2007).…”

Section: Chemistry and Metabolismmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Potential Toxicity of Artificial Sweeteners

Whitehouse¹,

Boullata²,

McCauley³

2008

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Since their discovery, the safety of artificial sweeteners has been controversial. Artificial sweeteners provide the sweetness of sugar without the calories. As public health attention has turned to reversing the obesity epidemic in the United States , more individuals of all ages are choosing to use these products. These choices may be beneficial for those who cannot tolerate sugar in their diets (e.g., diabetics). However, scientists disagree about the relationships between sweeteners and lymphomas, leukemias, cancers of the bladder and brain, chronic fatigue syndrome, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, multiple sclerosis, autism, and systemic lupus, Recently these substances have received increased attention due to their effects on glucose regulation. Occupational health nurses need accurate and timely information to counsel individuals regarding the use of these substances. This article provides an overview of types of artificial sweeteners , sweetener history, chemical structure, biological fate, physiological effects, published animal and human studies, and current standards and regulations. Consumers and food manufacturers have long been interested in dietary sweeteners to replace sucrose in foods, enhancing flavor while reducing calories and the risk for dental caries. However, their safety has been controversial. Because Americans are concerned about the obesity epidemic in the United States, occupational health nurses are frequently asked about the safety of sugar substitutes. Recently these products have received increased attention because of their effects on glucose regulation. Occupational health nurses need accurate and timely information to appropriately counsel individuals who use these substances. This article provides an overview of the types of artificial sweeteners , sweetener history, chemical structure, biological fate, physiological effects, published animal and human studies, and current standards and regulations.

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Carbohydrate and Intense Sweeteners

Cited by 4 publications

References 13 publications

Review and synthesis of data on the potential environmental impact of artificial sweeteners

Review and synthesis of data on the potential environmental impact of artificial sweeteners

The Potential Toxicity of Artificial Sweeteners

The Potential Toxicity of Artificial Sweeteners

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