Carbaryl: A Literature Review

Mount, Michael E.

doi:10.1007/978-1-4612-5913-8_1

Cited by 33 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 224 publications

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“…As pH is reduced, degradation by alkaline hydrolysis diminishes and other transformation processes influence fate of carbaryl (Kuhr and Dorough, 1976;Wolfe, Zepp, and Paris, 1978;Mount and Oehme, 1981) and malathion (Walker, 1976;Wolfe et al, 1977;Mulla, Mian, and Kawecki, 1981). Under laboratory conditions, effects of other transformation processes like photolysis, adsorption, microbial biotransformation, and volatilization can be controlled so that they do not contribute to degradation.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

“…Degradation of carbaryl and malathion is dominated by hydrolysis under certain conditions and is temperature and pH dependent (Aly and El-Dib, 1971;Kuhr and Dorough, 1976;Walker, 1976;Wolfe et al, 1977;Wolfe, Zepp, and Paris, 1978;Mount and Oehme, 1981;Mulla, Mian, and Kawecki, 1981). The objective of this research was to use results of published studies to estimate degradation models that predict half-life of carbaryl and malathion in freshwater over temperature and pH ranges relevant to western grasshopper-management programs.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…This characteristic complicates assessment of effects on nontarget aquatic organisms because insecticide concentration changes as degradation occurs. A number of processes including hydrolysis, photolysis, adsorption, microbial biotransformation, and volatilization may affect fate of carbaryl and malathion in the aquatic environment (Kuhr and Dorough, 1976;Mount and Oehme, 1981;Mulla, Mian, and Kawecki, 1981), but no method is available for estimating degradation over the range of environmental conditions that occur in the field (USEPA, 1985(USEPA, ,1988.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Use of meta‐analysis to predict degradation of carbaryl and malathion in freshwater for exposure assessment

Beyers

Myers

1996

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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Carbaryl (1-naphthyl methylcarbamate) and malathion (diethyl mercaptosuccinate, S-ester with O, O-dimethyl phosphorodithioate) are insecticides used to control grasshopper infestations on rangeland. Insecticides used to control grasshopper infestations pose a hazard to aquatic organisms because although nospray buffer zones are observed around aquatic habitats, pesticide may be deposited by drift or mobilized from upland areas by runoff. A number of processes may affect the fate of carbaryl and malathion in the aquatic environment, but no method is available for estimating degradation over the range of conditions that occur in the field. We used results of published studies in meta-analyses to estimate degradation models that predict half-life of carbaryl and malathion in freshwater over temperature and pH ranges relevant to western grasshopper-management programs. Estimated degradation models were:In (half-life carbaryl) = 24.3 -2.36(/>#) -0.0788(/) and In (half-life malathion) = 5.98 + 2.84(/>#) -0.326(/>// 2 ) -0.202(f) + 0.00135(/ 2 )where half-life has units of hours, and temperature (t) has units °C. Both models accounted for a significant amount of total variation (P<0.0001) and had r 2 >0.97. Accuracy of these degradation models was evaluated by comparing predicted degradation of carbaryl and malathion to field and laboratory data. We suggest that use of these degradation models be restricted to conditions where water has 7 <. pH <. 10 for carbaryl, and 7 <_ pH <. 8.2 for malathion.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 97%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

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Use of meta‐analysis to predict degradation of carbaryl and malathion in freshwater for exposure assessment

Beyers

Myers

1996

Human and Ecological Risk Assessment: An International Journal

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“…For instance, it is much more toxic to Hymenoptera than to other insect groups. Carbaryl degrades in ~ 2 wk and there is no evidence that it biologically accumulates in species in the ecosystems under study (Mount and Oehme 1981). A very important advantage of using carbaryl is that two previous studies (Barrett 1968, Suttman andBarrett 1979) have examined the effect of this insecticide at "normal" concentrations ( 10 x the level used in the present study) on arthropods in different ecosystems.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 91%

Corn Monoculture Versus Old Field: Effects of Low Levels of Insecticides

Risch¹,

Pimentel²,

Grover³

1986

Ecology

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The effects of very low concentrations of the insecticide carbaryl on a corn (Zea mays) monoculture ecosystem and an old-field ecosystem were studied in Ithaca, New York. Four sprayings at "='3-wk intervals were applied and the effects on above-and belowground arthropod faunas and on rate of litter decomposition were investigated. The specific questions addressed were: ( l) are the effects oflow-concentration insecticide stress different in kind or just quantity from those reported in previous studies conducted with higher concentrations? (2) is the complex old-field ecosystem more resistant to these effects than the simple corn monoculture?The insecticide caused a much greater reduction in total arthropod numbers on plants in the old field than in the corn, and this could be accounted for mainly by the effect on herbivores. Despite continued insecticide application throughout the season, the effect of spray on this herbivore reduction decreased over time in the old field. Spraying significantly increased the (predators + parasites)/ herbivore ratio; thus herbivores were disproportionately more affected than their natural enemies by the insecticide. These results are in direct contrast with the previously reported studies using carbaryl at lO times the concentration. Insecticide reduced the soil arthropod fauna much less than it did the arthropods on plants. There was no significant statistical effect of spray, field type, or date on total arthropod fauna on all groups aggregated. The only important effect of the spray on the soil arthropods was an outbreak of scavenging oribatid mites in the sprayed plots. Consistent with the above finding, rate of litter decomposition slowed significantly, but only temporarily, in the sprayed plots. There were no effects of plot type.Thus, low concentrations of carbaryl that might result from drift into fields adjacent to sprayed areas appear to have important ecological effects unpredictable from a knowledge of the effects of high concentrations. The two most important findings here, that the insects in old fields were more sensitive to the insecticide and that spraying increased the enemies/herbivore ratio, suggest that qualitatively different ecological interactions may be occurring in response to low levels of insecticides. Although pesticide droplet size and density were controlled in the present study, under natural drift conditions these factors might further complicate the already unpredictable effects of pesticide concentration per se. The ecological effects of pesticide drift will be most important in areas dominated by small farmers and in areas where airplanes are used to apply chemicals. Because unsprayed crop and second-growth areas play an important role as refugia for both natural enemies and crop pests, further research is warranted investigating the effect of low pesticide dosages on complex ecological responses.

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“…This study reports the potential of carbaryl, I-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate, product name Sevin, to kill L. salmonis and Atlantic salmon. Carbaryl was selected because there has been world-wide licensed use of this compound since 1958 for the control of over 150 major pests (MOUNT and OEHME 1981) and extensive toxicological reviews have been published (CRANMER 1986). Carbaryl, like dichlorvos, acts as an inhibitor of acetyl choline esterase and may only detach adult and pre-adult lice, though all stages possess this enzyme system (WALDAY and FONNUM 1989).…”

Section: Infestation Of Marine Culturedmentioning

confidence: 99%

The potential of carbaryl as a treatment for sea lice infestations of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

1990

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The treatment of sea lice, L e p e T h t W s salmonis infestations on farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo sahr requires regular bathin of the Ish III drchlorvos (DDVP), 2,2-dichlorovinyl dimethyl phosphate, with subsequent release to t t e marine environment of spent pesticide. The toxicity of a possible alternative compound, carbaryl, I-naphthyl N-methylcarbamate) to kill sea lice and Atlantic salmon was examined.Preliminary studies with carbaryl indicate the potential advantage of a reduced treatment dose was outweighed by the greater persistence of both the parent com ound and of its toxic degradation product. Hence this carbamate insecticide is unlikely to be consiiered by regulatory authorities as an alternative treatment for sea lice infestations.

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Carbaryl: A Literature Review

Cited by 33 publications

References 224 publications

Use of meta‐analysis to predict degradation of carbaryl and malathion in freshwater for exposure assessment

Use of meta‐analysis to predict degradation of carbaryl and malathion in freshwater for exposure assessment

Corn Monoculture Versus Old Field: Effects of Low Levels of Insecticides

The potential of carbaryl as a treatment for sea lice infestations of farmed Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar L.

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