Carbamylation-Derived Products: Bioactive Compounds and Potential Biomarkers in Chronic Renal Failure and Atherosclerosis

Abstract

BACKGROUND:Carbamylation is a posttranslational modification of proteins resulting from the nonenzymatic reaction between isocyanic acid and specific free functional groups. This reaction alters protein structural and functional properties and thus contributes to molecular ageing. Many studies have shown the involvement of carbamylated proteins in diseases, especially in chronic renal failure and atherosclerosis.CONTENT: In this review we describe the biochemical basis of the carbamylation process and its role in protein molecular ageing. We summarize the current evidence of protein carbamylation involvement in disease, identify available biomarkers of the carbamylation process and their related analytical methods, and discuss the practical relevance of these biomarkers.

The prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in the adult population of Russia (NATION study)

“…Оценка уровня HbA 1c является относительно новым под-ходом в диагностике СД, который в настоящий момент не может рассматриваться как полностью стандартизи-рованный. Известно, что такие факторы, как анемия [22] или некоторые хронические заболевания [23], могут вли-ять на уровень HbA 1c . В некоторых исследованиях ука-зывается на то, что использование только уровня HbA 1c может привести к недодиагностике СД2 [24,25], а также, что этот показатель должен использоваться в сочетании с другими тестами для повышения достоверности поста-новки диагноза СД (например, оценка уровня глюкозы натощак [26]).…”

A history of HbA1c through Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine

“…First of all, renal failure was identified as a confounding situation: a) because of the decreased erythrocyte lifespan in patients with renal diseases; and b) because of the increased formation of carbamylated hemoglobin (cHb) due to the binding to N-terminal β chains of hemoglobin of isocyanic acid, a urea byproduct formed in excess because of hyperuremia [101] . Physico-chemical properties of cHb and HbA 1c are close, which explains the poor separation of the two species in some charge-based separation techniques.…”

Tropospheric sources and sinks of gas-phase acids in the Colorado Front Range

“…HNO 3 also reacts with ammonia (NH 3 ) in the gas-or aqueous-phase to form ammonium nitrate (NH 4 NO 3 ) aerosols (Adams et al, 1999). HNCO is of growing interest because exposure levels > 1 ppb v are linked to various human health issues, including atherosclerosis, cataracts, and rheumatoid arthritis (Jaisson et al, 2011;Roberts et al, 2011). Primary emission and secondary photochemical production sources of gas-phase HNCO have been identified and reported (Borduas et al, 2013;Roberts et al, 2014), but the magnitudes of these sources remain highly uncertain (Young et al, 2012).…”