Caramel dye IV increases hepatic and renal oxidative stress injuries

Abstract

Caramel dye IV (C-IV) is a synthetic organic product, does not present nutritional, ergogenic, or technological factors, but leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS). This way may lead to damage to a wide range of molecules, leading to cancer, cardiovascular, and neurodegenerative diseases development. We aimed to verify the effects of different doses of C-IV dye on the markers of oxidative stress in the liver and kidneys from male Swiss CF-1 mice, divided into four experimental groups: control; C-IV 0.3 g/kg; C-IV 1 g/kg and C-IV 3 g/kg. We found that mainly 3 g/Kg of C-IV dye promote oxidative damage in liver and kidney homogenates, evidenced by the increase of lipid peroxidation, reduction of free SH groups, and higher ROS production. As a consequence, increased superoxide dismutase, catalase, and acetylcholinesterase enzyme activities were detected, as a response to the increased oxidative stress production. These damages were confirmed through histology images. Since the mice dose used in this study is 30-fold lower than the human daily dose consumption, these results indicate that the daily doses might induce substantial oxidative stress damages and possibly lead to chronic disease development.

Oxidative stress, biochemical and histopathological alterations induced by some synthetic food colorants on Albino rats

“…Similarly, kidneys of rats treated with high dose of sunset yellow (Figure B5) and both of low and high doses of (tartrazine + brilliant blue) (Figures B6 and B7) showed that some alterations including hypercellularity of the glomerular, narrowing of the urinary space, infract glomerulus, cellular infiltration and hypotrophy of the glomerulus. Similar histopathological effects were found in other studies by AL-Dahhan et al (2014); Ali et al (2016); Yadav et al (2017); Mohamed et al (2019) and Marins et al (2020).…”

“…Tawfek et al (2015) who found that highly significant increase in malondialdehyde, Glutathione Peroxidase and catalase activities in treated rats with sunset yellow and tartrazine. Marins et al (2020) found that administration of caramel IV dye in dose 3 g/kg b.w. induced oxidation damage in liver and kidney by increase of malondialdehyde and reduction of free SH group.…”

“…The international agency for research on cancer classified 4methylimidazol as (Category 2B), that possibly carcinogenic to humans (IARC, 2013). Administration of caramel IV at dose 3 g/kg caused an increase in renal and hepatic enzymes activities of GPX, CAT, SOD, AChE and several histopathological alterations such as diffuse mild paracentral hydropic degeneration in the liver (Jacobson, 2013;Marins et al, 2020;Yadav et al, 2017). Sunset yellow and tartrazine are the most azo colorants soluble in water to give yellow and orange color (Amin et al, 2010) and used in many food products such as soft drinks, fruit juice, candy, sweet and ice cream (Bawazir, 2016).…”