Carajás National Forest: Iron Ore Plateaus and Caves in Southeastern Amazon

Piló, Luís B.; Auler, Augusto S.; Martins, Frederico Cássio Moreira

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-8023-0_25

Cited by 21 publications

(23 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…Phenology:-Collected in flower and fruit from December through May. This is largely coincident with the rainy season in this part of the eastern Amazon which extends from December to April (Piló et al 2015).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…This serra of pre-Cretaceous age is enclosed by the Araguaia and Itacaiúnas rivers. It is located about 540 km south of Belém in southeastern Pará, Brazil, and has an elevational range of 300 to 800 m (Soubies et al 1991;Silva 1993;Cleef & Silva 1994;Piló et al 2015). On the Serra dos Carajás, this species can be locally common on the ferruginous ironstone upland ridges that are covered with iron breccia generically known as canga (Piló et al 2015).…”

Section: Taxonomic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It is located about 540 km south of Belém in southeastern Pará, Brazil, and has an elevational range of 300 to 800 m (Soubies et al 1991;Silva 1993;Cleef & Silva 1994;Piló et al 2015). On the Serra dos Carajás, this species can be locally common on the ferruginous ironstone upland ridges that are covered with iron breccia generically known as canga (Piló et al 2015). The word canga describes the open, rocky habitats with a savanna vegetation cover on iron ore outcrops that are nestled within the more widespread rainforest that covers much of the Carajás mountain range.…”

Section: Taxonomic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The flora of the forest and the canga uplands is diverse but it is imperfectly known and still being explored. The canga habitats, in particular, represent a unique isolated ecosystem in the Amazon and in Minas Gerais, Brazil, with high biodiversity and notable endemism (Jacobi et al 2007;Vincent & Meguro 2008;Golder Associates Brasil 2010;Oliveira et al 2014;Skirycz et al 2014;Piló et al 2015;Salas et al 2015).…”

Section: Taxonomic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…On the Serra dos Carajás, Brasilianthus occurs within the limits of a conservation area called the FLONA de Carajás (Carajás National Forest) that was established in early 1998 ( Figure 5). The Forest covers 411,949 ha of protected area (Piló et al 2015) but it allows certain types of usage, including mining activities. The open cast mining activities in the region present a major threat to its biodiversity because the iron ore deposits of the Serra are considered to be the largest in the world (Martins et al 2012;Piló et al 2015).…”

Section: Taxonomic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brasilianthus (Melastomataceae), a new monotypic genus endemic to ironstone outcrops in the Brazilian Amazon

2016

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A new monotypic genus, Brasilianthus carajensis, is described from Carajás Mineral Province where it is restricted to campo rupestre vegetation on ironstone outcrops (canga) that form island-like lenses nestled in the Amazon rainforest of southeastern Pará, Brazil. Among neotropical capsular-fruited Melastomataceae, Brasilianthus is distinguished by a unique combination of characters: annual habit; haplostemonous, 4-merous flowers; tubulose-subcylindric hypanthia with erect, narrowly obovate deciduous calyx lobes that are widest distally and well-spaced basally; short cupulate-campanulate anthers with a wide truncate apical pore; biaristate ventral staminal appendages; 4-locular ovary with an apex crowned by four persistent ± deltoid appendages; absence of placental intrusions in mature capsules; and subcochleate seeds with a costate testa. These morphological characters are congruent with DNA sequence data that show Brasilianthus nested within the Marcetia alliance of the tribe Melastomeae where it is sister to Nepsera aquatica. These two genera are in turn sister to Ernestia pullei and Appendicularia thymifolia. A comprehensive description of Brasilianthus is presented together with diagnostic illustrations, images of plants in the wild, a distribution map, SEM images of seeds, a geospatial conservation assessment based on IUCN criteria, and comparisons with generic relatives in the Marcetia alliance.Key words: haplostemony, Marcetia alliance, phylogeny, Serra dos Carajás, canga ResumoUm novo gênero monotípico, Brasilianthus carajensis, é descrito da Província Mineral de Carajás, onde é restrito à vegetação de campo rupestre sobre afloramentos ferruginosos (canga), que formam ilhas rupestres na floresta amazônica no sudeste do estado do Pará, Brasil. Entre as espécies de Melastomataceae neotropicais com frutos capsulares, Brasilianthus distinguese por uma combinação única de caracteres: hábito anual; flores tetrâmeras haplostêmones; hipanto tubuloso e subcilíndrico com lobos do cálice eretos, decíduos, estreitamente obovais, com a parte distal mais larga e base claramente espassada; anteras curtas, cupulado-campanuladas com um amplo poro apical truncado; apêndices ventrais estaminais biaristados; ovário tetralocular, com um ápice coroado por quatro apêndices ± deltóides persistentes; ausência de intrusões da placenta em cápsulas maduras; e sementes subcocleadas com testa costada. Estas características morfológicas são congruentes com os dados de sequência de DNA que mostram Brasilianthus inseridos na aliança Marcetia da tribo Melastomeae, onde é grupo irmão de Nepsera aquatica. Estes dois gêneros são, por sua vez, grupo irmão de Ernestia pullei e Appendicularia thymifolia. Uma descrição completa de Brasilianthus é apresentada, assim como ilustrações diagnósticas, imagens das plantas no habitat, micrografia eletrônica de varredura de sementes, uma avaliação do estado de conservação com base em critérios da IUCN, e comparações com gêneros relacionados na aliança Marcetia.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Taxonomic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Taxonomic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Taxonomic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Taxonomic Treatmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Brasilianthus (Melastomataceae), a new monotypic genus endemic to ironstone outcrops in the Brazilian Amazon

2016

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The role of fault reactivation in the development of tropical montane lakes

Souza‐Filho

Pinheiro

Costa

et al. 2020

Earth Surf Processes Landf

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This work details the role of fault reactivation in the development of tropical montane lakes by using basin morpho-structural analysis and seismostratigraphic studies. The upland lakes are severely faulted sinkholes, whose faults penetrate the Quaternary sedimentary units. Four main stages are related to the lake formation: (i) an Early Proterozoic tectonic deformation of the rocks along the southern border of the Carajás Structure, where the lake is placed; (ii) differential erosion byand building ofthe formation of the South Carajás Hill; (iii) Fe-rich crust formation by weathering and gravitational collapse faults following the E-W plateau border and the start of Violão Lake formation during the Pliocene-Pleistocene; and (iv) episodic fault-fracture reactivation by gravitational collapse causing pulses of subsidence in the lake and outlining its faulted borders. Dissolution of the lateritic crust and erosion by runoff drainage under wet climate conditions were coeval with fault activities, which allowed the deposition of relatively thick clastic deposits organized in three main seismostratigraphic units associated with major lake-level fluctuations. Initial fault reactivation under low-level water started lacustrine basin development with deposition of prograding fan deltas related to the main drainage. A second fault reactivation by gravitational collapse increased the lake accommodation space and resulted in the deposition of fine-grained sediments from dilute interflows or overflows until 36000calyear BP. At about 31000calyear BP, rapid decreases in the lake water level under redox conditions at the sediment/water interface allowed widespread siderite formation. A third gravitational collapse episode was responsible for the increase in the lake area and depth and the returning of clastic/organic deposition up to the present. This tropical montane lake can be seen as a representative example for understanding the formation of other upland lakes controlled by fault reactivation.

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Active rehabilitation of Amazonian sand mines converges soils, plant communities and environmental status to their predisturbance levels

et al. 2020

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The continuous monitoring of mineland rehabilitation is paramount for identifying deviations from desired trajectories and providing assessments for environmental agencies. In this study, we analyzed soil texture and chemical properties, vegetation development and soil respiration along rehabilitation chronosequences including nonrehabilitated areas, areas at different rehabilitation stages and reference sites covered by native forests in three sand mines in the Carajás National Forest, eastern Amazonia, Brazil, to estimate their rehabilitation status. For nine environmental variables related to ecological processes, vegetation structure, and community diversity, we computed response ratios in relation to predisturbance levels found in native reference sites and integrated them into an index of rehabilitation status using a multivariate approach. Our analyses showed that the soil chemical properties and tree community composition of the rehabilitated minelands converged over time to those of native ecosystems. All environmental indicators and the overall rehabilitation status increased with rehabilitation time, indicating that rehabilitation interventions set the rehabilitation trajectory on a desired path. Although most indicators did not achieve predisturbance levels, we conclude that rehabilitation activities can effectively reduce the environmental impacts of sand extraction in Amazonia over short time periods, thereby contributing to the recovery of ecosystem services and the protection of biodiversity.

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Carajás National Forest: Iron Ore Plateaus and Caves in Southeastern Amazon

Cited by 21 publications

References 5 publications

Brasilianthus (Melastomataceae), a new monotypic genus endemic to ironstone outcrops in the Brazilian Amazon

Brasilianthus (Melastomataceae), a new monotypic genus endemic to ironstone outcrops in the Brazilian Amazon

The role of fault reactivation in the development of tropical montane lakes

Active rehabilitation of Amazonian sand mines converges soils, plant communities and environmental status to their predisturbance levels

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