Caracterización genómica y variantes del virus SARS-CoV-2

Abstract

El SARS-CoV-2 es un nuevo tipo de coronavirus que posee un genoma de ARN monocatenario de sentido positivo, este virus se detectó por primera vez en diciembre de 2019 en la ciudad de Wuhan, China y causa la enfermedad que se denomina COVID-19. La tasa de mutación en los virus de ARN es extremadamente alta, el SARS-CoV-2 posee un mecanismo que corrige los errores en la replicación, por lo tanto, su tasa de mutación es menor. Sin embargo, a pesar de este mecanismo comete errores que generan un amplio espectro de mutaciones dentro de las cuales hay una población dominante, esto le confiere la capacidad de propagarse rápidamente, generando las variantes virales. Cuando surgen estas variantes se generan diferencias genéticas que en ocasiones no tienen efecto alguno, pero en otras le confieren un mayor potencial de transmisión, cargas virales más altas, mayor letalidad, además de permitirles evadir la respuesta inmunológica. En esta revisión presentamos el estado del arte de las nuevas variantes virales de SARS-CoV-2 reportadas hasta el momento en todo el mundo, así como sus características e impacto en la salud pública.

Clinical outcomes and phylogenetic analysis in reflection with three predominant clades of SARS‐CoV‐2 variants

“…As time elapsed, numerous SARS‐CoV‐2 variants have been discovered, which show genetic differences with respect to the wild‐type Wuhan's strain sequenced on 07 January 2020. These variants emerged as a result of spontaneous mutations in the viral RNA, proceeding from mistakes in its replication within the host cell 7,8 . Unlike other RNA viruses (influenza and HIV), coronaviruses have intrinsic mechanisms for repairing their mistakes that minimize mutability rates; hence, there is a high homology between the genomes of the different variants.…”

“…Several of these mutations increased the adaptation capability of numerous SARS‐CoV‐2 variants in their hosts. This fact could lead to the virus being persistent and able to replicate and preserve itself afterwards 7 . With more than 2 million isolates of SARS‐CoV‐2 that have undergone partial or complete genomic sequencing, primitive data suggested that SARS‐CoV‐2 was exceptionally well adapted to human's body, and spreading rapidly with little evidence about natural selection among circulating viruses 9 .…”

“…These variants emerged as a result of spontaneous mutations in the viral RNA, proceeding from mistakes in its replication within the host cell. 7,8 Unlike other RNA viruses (influenza and HIV), coronaviruses have intrinsic mechanisms for repairing their mistakes that minimize mutability rates; hence, there is a high homology between the genomes of the different variants. Several of these mutations increased the adaptation capability of numerous SARS-CoV-2 variants in their hosts.…”

“…This fact could lead to the virus being persistent and able to replicate and preserve itself afterwards. 7 With more than 2 million isolates of SARS-CoV-2 that have undergone partial or complete genomic sequencing, primitive data suggested that SARS-CoV-2 was exceptionally well adapted to human's body, and spreading rapidly with little evidence about natural selection among circulating viruses. 9 The rapid mutations acquired by the virus and diversified transmission routes have significantly contributed to the COVID-19 pandemic.…”

Mini revisión: posibles hospederos intermediarios del SARS-CoV-2 en tiempos pos-pandémicos

“…Palavras-chave: Animais domésticos, doença do coronavírus 2019 (COVID- 19), síndrome respiratória aguda grave do coronavírus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), transmissão interespécies, variantes antigênicas.…”