Caracterização estrutural e funcional das isoformas da enzima fumarato hidratase de Trypanosoma cruzi

Abstract

PEREIRA DE PÁDUA, R. A. Structural and functional characterization of Trypanosoma cruzi fumarate hydratase isoforms. 119 f. Thesis (Doctorate). School of Pharmaceutical Sciences of Ribeirão Preto -University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, 2014.Trypanosoma cruzi is a flagellate protozoan parasite that infects humans and causes Chagas disease, a tropical neglected disease that affects millions of people worldwide. Fumarate hydratases (FH), or fumarases, are enzymes responsible for the reversible stereo-specific hydration of fumarate into S-malate, and were recently considered to be essential to Trypanosoma brucei viability, suggesting, therefore, a potential role for FHs as macromolecular targets to the drug development against trypanosomatids. The present work focused on the functional, biochemical, biophysical and structural characterization of T. cruzi fumarases (TcFHs) and human fumarase (HsFH) to evaluate TcFHs role for T. cruzi, map the reaction mechanism and identify and exploit differences between the parasite and host enzymes in order to design selective inhibitors to the parasite enzyme. Sequence analysis revealed that TcFHs belong to class I fumarases (dimeric and iron-sulfur containing enzymes) and are not homologous to HsFH which belongs to class II fumarases (tetrameric iron independent enzymes). Cellular sub-localization studies confirmed the presence of a cytosolic and a mitochondrial fumarases in T. cruzi and gene knockout experiments suggested TcFHs are essential to the parasite. The kinetic characterization showed that TcFHs activity is highly sensitive to oxygen whereas HsFH activity remained stable in aerobic conditions. Electron paramagnetic experiments further revealed the presence of an iron-sulfur cluster highly sensitive to oxidation and involved in the catalytic mechanism in both TcFHm and TcFHc. TcFHs structural models, built by homology modeling using the Leishmania major fumarase crystal structure as template, were compared to the HsFH crystal structure and the differences were used to design a selective ligand to the parasite fumarases. The designed ligand showed to inhibit TcFHc with an IC 50 of 1 µM and showed no effect on the human fumarase activity. In vivo assays using T. cruzi epimastigotes demonstrated the trypanocidal effect of the designed inhibitor probably caused by stalling ATP production. The results obtained with the development of this project represent an innovative proposal on the development of new therapies against Chagas disease, the use of fumarase enzyme as a macromolecular target, as well as present a potent and selective inhibitor to the parasite enzyme to be further used as a prototype in the development of drugs against Chagas disease. The synthesis of inhibitor analogues with optimized pharmacological properties are currently in progress.