Abstract:Summary
Chemical looping technology for capturing and hydrothermal processes for conversion of carbon are discussed with focused and critical assessments. The fluidized and stationary reactor systems using solid, including biomass, and gaseous fuels are considered in chemical looping combustion, gasification, and reforming processes. Sustainability is emphasized generally in energy technology and in two chemical looping simulation case studies using coal and natural gas. Conversion of captured carbon to formic… Show more
Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has gained considerable ground in energy production due to its inherent carbon capture with a minimal energy penalty. The choice of metal oxide used as an oxygen carrier (OC) in CLC has a substantial weight on the overall efficiency of energy production as well as the ultimate cost per MW. While much work has gone into manufacturing synthetic OCs with high fuel conversions, harsh operating conditions and process limitations cause some unavoidable loss of the oxygen carrier. With low production costs and minimal conditioning required, natural ores have grown in interest as cheap alternative oxygen carriers. This work provides a substantial literature review of recent works studying the use of natural ores in CLC. Iron-based, manganesebased, copper-based and calcium based ores were found to be the main ores researched, along with mixtures of these ores and natural ores with minor additional compounds. Typical parameters have been collected for each study including; fuel conversion, stability, physical characteristics, and carbon capture efficiency. Natural ores are compared with purified metal oxides to highlight strengths and weaknesses of each ore and recommendations for future studies are made.
Chemical looping combustion (CLC) has gained considerable ground in energy production due to its inherent carbon capture with a minimal energy penalty. The choice of metal oxide used as an oxygen carrier (OC) in CLC has a substantial weight on the overall efficiency of energy production as well as the ultimate cost per MW. While much work has gone into manufacturing synthetic OCs with high fuel conversions, harsh operating conditions and process limitations cause some unavoidable loss of the oxygen carrier. With low production costs and minimal conditioning required, natural ores have grown in interest as cheap alternative oxygen carriers. This work provides a substantial literature review of recent works studying the use of natural ores in CLC. Iron-based, manganesebased, copper-based and calcium based ores were found to be the main ores researched, along with mixtures of these ores and natural ores with minor additional compounds. Typical parameters have been collected for each study including; fuel conversion, stability, physical characteristics, and carbon capture efficiency. Natural ores are compared with purified metal oxides to highlight strengths and weaknesses of each ore and recommendations for future studies are made.
“…Methanol has half of the volumetric energy density relative to gasoline or diesel; however, it can be used in the direct methanol fuel cell [13][14][15]20,21,29,34,36]. Renewable hydrogen-based methanol would recycle carbon dioxide as a possible alternative fuel to diminishing oil and gas resources [77][78][79].…”
Section: Assessment Of Renewable Methanol and Ammonia Productionsmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Hydrogen is a clean fuel; its burning causes no harmful emissions; however the cost to produce, store, compress, and transport of the hydrogen is still high [6][7][8][9][10][11][12]. Methanol may be used as a fuel and a valuable feedstock for producing methyl t-butyl ether, dimethyl ether, dimethyl carbonate, formaldehyde, acetic acid and other chemical secondary intermediates which are used in producing plywood, particleboard, foams, resins and plastics [13][14][15][16][17][18][19][20][21].…”
“…In recent years, dual fluidized bed (DFB) reactor shows better gasification performance [4] among various types of gasification reactors. DFB reactor produces a high hydrogen content and almost no nitrogen dilution syngas [5,6] and it also has a wide capacity for various feedstock conditions [7].…”
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