Captain Alfred Dreyfus: A case study in the group dynamics of scapegoating

Abstract

This article explores the metaphor of the scapegoat by offering a case study taken from the history of France at the turn of the 20thcentury. The case is presented of a French army officer, Captain Alfred Dreyfus, whose wrongful conviction for treason created an international sensation and tore French society apart. The author outlines the general features of the scapegoating dynamic and applies them to the Dreyfus case. He sets out the flow of events from Dreyfus's first trial through to the official declaration of his innocence a century after his conviction, illustrating the tenacity of the scapegoating dynamic when an entire nation is caught up in the process. The view is put forward that it was the dramatic intervention by the novelist Emile Zola in the Dreyfus case which arrested the scapegoating process. The author asks what the implications of this might be for group analysis. At the centre of the Dreyfus case was the fact of his Jewishness. The author depicts anti-Semitism as a deeply rooted set of assumptions based on myths about the Jews. He touches on the origins of these myths in early monotheistic theology and in the political ideology of the Far Left and the Far Right. An explanation is offered for the persistence of these myths in our culture, which may extend to our understanding of myths surrounding other peoples and societies. The author concludes with some reflections on the recurring nature of the scapegoat phenomenon.

Scapegoating and the ‘angry black woman’

“…Little is written about scapegoating within group analysis 8 , despite the phenomenon being widely recognized. Behr (2018), however, highlights the centrality of (un)conscious socio-political forces in relation to scapegoating and defines the practice as:‘ . .…”

“…. the attribution to an individual or sub-group of characteristics which are perceived as harmful to the group as a whole’ (Behr, 2018: 518, emphasis added).…”

“…More than 70 years on from the introduction of Foulkes’ Basic Law the concept continues to generate discourse, withstand analysis, and create new thinking. Less is written about scapegoating within our modality but the socially-conscious contributions of Barwick and Weegmann (2018) and Behr (2018) have been central to this article. I have asserted that Foulkes’ Law and his views on scapegoating fall short of equipping us with the tools required to understand, and work with, the explored phenomena; primarily because both concepts fail to thoroughly consider the socio-political impact of (un)conscious racism in groups.…”

Dreyfus: example, metaphor, social malignity

“…Harold Behr’s (2018) article got me thinking more about the importance of remembering Dreyfus and in drawing further considerations in an understanding of racism. Appalling and telling as is the case of Dreyfus, it expresses a still wider message about the function of social malignity, then and now.…”