Capsule endoscopy for small‐intestinal disorders: Current status

Abstract

Small‐bowel capsule endoscopy (SBCE) is used widely because of its non‐invasive and patient‐friendly nature. SBCE can visualize entire small‐intestinal mucosa and facilitate detection of small‐intestinal abnormalities. In this review article, we focus on the current status of SBCE. Several platforms for SBCE are available worldwide. Third‐generation SBCE (PillCam® SB3) has a high‐resolution camera equipped with an adaptive frame rate system. Several software modes have been developed to reduce the reading time for capsule endoscopy and to minimize the possibility of missing lesions. The main complication of SBCE is capsule retention. Thus, the main contraindication for SBCE is known or suspected gastrointestinal obstruction unless intestinal patency is proven. Possible indications for SBCE are obscure gastrointestinal bleeding, Crohn's disease, small‐intestinal polyps and tumors, and celiac disease. Colon capsule endoscopy (CCE) can observe inflamed colonic mucosa non‐invasively, and allows for the continuous and non‐invasive observation of the entire intestinal tract (pan‐endoscopy). Recently, application of CCE as pan‐enteric endoscopy for inflammatory bowel diseases (including Crohn's disease) has been reported. In the near future, reading for CE will be assisted by artificial intelligence, and reading CE videos for long periods will not be required.

Standing‐type magnetically guided capsule endoscopy versus gastroscopy for gastric examination: multicenter blinded comparative trial

“…With the application of artificial intelligence, SMCE system has been able to screen 80–90% of similar images, greatly reducing the burden on doctors. Similar to published studies, doctor's reading time will further shorten with the application of computer‐assisted diagnosis. Image‐processing technologies have also been applied to CE .…”

Capsule Endoscopy Transit Time to Duodenum: Relation to Patient Demographics

“…The PillCam is a non-invasive wireless camera device developed to visualize the entire small intestine mucosa, and the principal indication for this study was an obscure GI bleed [20]. Several devices have been developed and approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA); however, the PillCam SB3 is most widely used in the United States (US) [21]. GTT and SBTT are obtained via analysis of the video images.…”

Small intestinal mucosal injury and its risk factors in patients with gastrointestinal cancer who developed complicated fluoropyrimidine-induced diarrhea

“…In this study, small intestinal thickness was detected by CT scan in 7 of 13 patients who underwent CE. These conditions may lead to gastrointestinal obstruction and capsule retention even if the patency capsule passes through intestine [13]. Nevertheless, mucosal injury had been noted in 85% of the patients who underwent CE, more patients might have shown abnormal endoscopic ndings if the examination was performed during the acme phase of diarrhea.…”

“…Patients with complicated CID underwent CE when their condition improved to CTCAE grade 1, because the risk of capsule retention should be reduced [13]. Additionally, all patients who underwent CE satis ed the following criteria: (1) without massive ascites or severe peritoneal dissemination; (2) being able to continue chemotherapy; and (3) capable of oral intake.…”