Capsaicin-Induced Gastric Hyperemia and Protection Are NO- Dependent

Podolsky, Robert S.; Grabowski, Michael; Milner, Richard; Ritchie, Wallace P.; Dempsey, Daniel T.

doi:10.1006/jsre.1994.1167

Cited by 11 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Nitric oxide (NO) is a ubiquitous mediator of numerous physiological processes in the gastrointestinal tract, including gastric mucosal protection [1,2], regulation of blood flow [3,4], stimulation of mucus secretion [5], and regulation of motility [6]. The physiological functions of NO are generally ascribed to NO derived from the constitutive isoforms of NO synthase (cNOS).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

5-Aminosalicylic Acid Improves Indomethacin-Induced Enteropathy by Inhibiting iNOS Transcription in Rats

et al. 2007

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Nitric oxide has been implicated in the pathogenic mechanism of inflammatory bowel disease states. We evaluated indomethacin-induced enteropathy in rats, in relation to the expression of the inducible isoform of NO synthase (iNOS) using aminosalicylic acid (5-ASA), its isomer 4-ASA (10 or 50 mg/kg/day, po), and dexamethasone, an iNOS transcription inhibitor (3 mg/kg/day, sc). Enteropathy was induced by indomethacin (7.5 mg/kg/day, sc) for two days and the small intestine was examined for lesions over the next 14 days. Indomethacin-induced small-intestinal ulcer size, mucosal myeloperoxidase activity, iNOS expression and serum nitrite/nitrate levels were maximally increased by day 4 and gradually decreased by day 14. Treatment with 5-ASA, but not 4-ASA, decreased indomethacin-induced ulcer length, myeloperoxidase activity, serum nitrite/nitrate levels and iNOS expression at day 4. Dexamethasone had a greater effect than 5-ASA in reducing myeloperoxidase activity and ulcer length by 26 and 32%, respectively. Dexamethasone also reduced serum nitrate/nitrite and iNOS expression to their basal levels. In conclusion, inhibition of iNOS expression by 5-ASA appears to be associated with diminished intestinal ulceration in indomethacin-induced enteropathy.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

5-Aminosalicylic Acid Improves Indomethacin-Induced Enteropathy by Inhibiting iNOS Transcription in Rats

et al. 2007

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“…Gastric cancer has declined worldwide.Yet it is still a significant cause of morbidity and mortality world wide. 408 Studies in Brazil among 119 H. Pylori +ve patients with gastric carcinoma and an equal number of H. pylori -ve matched controls, show a significant correlation between Cag A+ve status and distal but not proximal gastric carcinoma for both the intestinal and diffuse type of tumor in males and females. 409 H. pylori implicated as one of the risk factors for gastric cancer.…”

Section: H Pylori Infection and Gastric Cancermentioning

confidence: 96%

Capsaicin and Gastric Ulcers

2006

Critical Reviews in Food Science and Nutrition

108

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In recent years, infection of the stomach with the organism Helicobacter Pylori has been found to be the main cause of gastric ulcers, one of the common ailments afflicting humans. Excessive acid secretion in the stomach, reduction in gastric mucosal blood flow, constant intake of non-steroid anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), ethanol, smoking, stress etc. are also considered responsible for ulcer formation. The prevalent notion among sections of population in this country and perhaps in others is that "red pepper" popularly known as "Chilli," a common spice consumed in excessive amounts leads to "gastric ulcers" in view of its irritant and likely acid secreting nature. Persons with ulcers are advised either to limit or avoid its use. However, investigations carried out in recent years have revealed that chilli or its active principle "capsaicin" is not the cause for ulcer formation but a "benefactor." Capsaicin does not stimulate but inhibits acid secretion, stimulates alkali, mucus secretions and particularly gastric mucosal blood flow which help in prevention and healing of ulcers. Capsaicin acts by stimulating afferent neurons in the stomach and signals for protection against injury causing agents. Epidemiologic surveys in Singapore have shown that gastric ulcers are three times more common in the "Chinese" than among Malaysians and Indians who are in the habit of consuming more chillis. Ulcers are common among people who are in the habit of taking NSAIDS and are infected with the organism "Helicobacter Pylori," responsible for excessive acid secretion and erosion of the mucosal layer. Eradication of the bacteria by antibiotic treatment and avoiding the NSAIDS eliminates ulcers and restores normal acid secretion.

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“…injection (dose = 25 μg/kg) Yang et al 1993 Capsaicin (5 mg/kg doses) in the diet lowered production of reactive oxygen species in peritoneal macrophages from rats Joe and Lokesh 1994 Apnea, bradycardia, and hypotension following i.v. dosing (1 μg/kg) in young rats of either sex Lee and Lundberg 1994 Increased gastric mucosal blood flow after topical treatment (with 160 μM) of rat gastric mucosa Podolsky et al 1994 Increased cutaneous blood flow following intraplantar injection (0.3 μg/10 μl) Herbert and Holzer 1994 Increased blood flow (vasodilation) in plantar skin of rat hindpaw after intraplantar injection (0.03 μg/10 μl Capsaicin). Capsaicin injection preceded by intraplantar injection with tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα), which had no consistent effect on local cutaneous blood flow Herbert and Hering 1995 Suppression of inflammation in arthritic male rats after s.c. injection (dose = 50 mg/kg) Cruwys et al 1995 Antiarrhythmic and antiischemic activity in isolated, perfused rat heart preparations in situ (concentrations down to 10 μM Capsaicin) D' Alonzo et al 1995 Depression of the micturition reflex in male rat bladders infused with Capsaicin in vivo (concentration = 1000 μM)…”

Section: Reported Effects Referencesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Capsicum Annuum Extract, Capsicum Annuum Fruit Extract, Capsicum Annuum Resin, Capsicum Annuum Fruit Powder, Capsicum Frutescens Fruit, Capsicum Frutescens Fruit Extract, Capsicum Frutescens Resin, and Capsaicin1

2007

Int J Toxicol

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Capsicum-derived ingredients function as skin-conditioning agents--miscellaneous, external analgesics, flavoring agents, or fragrance components in cosmetics. These ingredients are used in 19 cosmetic products at concentrations as high as 5%. Cosmetic-grade material may be extracted using hexane, ethanol, or vegetable oil and contain the full range of phytocompounds that are found in the Capsicum annuum or Capsicum frutescens plant (aka red chiles), including Capsaicin. Aflatoxin and N-nitroso compounds (N-nitrosodimethylamine and N-nitrosopyrrolidine) have been detected as contaminants. The ultraviolet (UV) absorption spectrum for Capsicum Annuum Fruit Extract indicates a small peak at approximately 275 nm, and a gradual increase in absorbance, beginning at approximately 400 nm. Capsicum and paprika are generally recognized as safe by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in food. Hexane, chloroform, and ethyl acetate extracts of Capsicum Frutescens Fruit at 200 mg/kg resulted in death of all mice. In a short-term inhalation toxicity study using rats, no difference was found between vehicle control and a 7% Capsicum Oleoresin solution. In a 4-week feeding study, red chilli (Capsicum annuum) in the diet at concentrations up to 10% was relatively nontoxic in groups of male mice. In an 8-week feeding study using rats, intestinal exfoliation, cytoplasmic fatty vacuolation and centrilobular necrosis of hepatocytes, and aggregation of lymphocytes in the portal areas were seen at 10% Capsicum Frutescens Fruit, but not 2%. Rats fed 0.5 g/kg day-1 crude Capsicum Fruit Extract for 60 days exhibited no significant gross pathology at necropsy, but slight hyperemia of the liver and reddening of the gastric mucosa were observed. Weanling rats fed basal diets supplemented with whole red pepper at concentrations up to 5.0% for up to 8 weeks had no pathology of the large intestines, livers, and kidneys, but destruction of the taste buds and keratinization and erosion of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract were noted in groups fed 0.5% to 5.0% red pepper. The results of 9-and 12-month extension of this study showed normal large intestines and kidneys. In rabbits fed Capsicum Annuum Powder at 5 mg/kg day-1 in the diet daily for 12 months damage to the liver and spleen was noted. A rabbit skin irritation test of Capsicum Annuum Fruit Extract at concentrations ranging from 0.1% to 1.0% produced no irritation, but Capsicum Frutescens Fruit Extract induced concentration-dependent (at 25 to 500 microg/ml) cytotoxicity in a human buccal mucosa fibroblast cell line. An ethanol extract of red chili was mutagenic in Salmonella typhimurium TA98, but not in TA100, or in Escherichia coli. Other genotoxicity assays gave a similar pattern of mixed results. Adenocarcinoma of the abdomen was observed in 7/20 mice fed 100 mg red chilies per day for 12 months; no tumors were seen in control animals. Neoplastic changes in the liver and intestinal tumors were observed in rats fed red chili powder at 80 mg/kg day-1 for 30 days, intestinal and colo...

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Capsaicin-Induced Gastric Hyperemia and Protection Are NO- Dependent

Cited by 11 publications

References 0 publications

5-Aminosalicylic Acid Improves Indomethacin-Induced Enteropathy by Inhibiting iNOS Transcription in Rats

5-Aminosalicylic Acid Improves Indomethacin-Induced Enteropathy by Inhibiting iNOS Transcription in Rats

Capsaicin and Gastric Ulcers

Final Report on the Safety Assessment of Capsicum Annuum Extract, Capsicum Annuum Fruit Extract, Capsicum Annuum Resin, Capsicum Annuum Fruit Powder, Capsicum Frutescens Fruit, Capsicum Frutescens Fruit Extract, Capsicum Frutescens Resin, and Capsaicin1

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