Capripoxvirus tissue tropism and shedding: A quantitative study in experimentally infected sheep and goats

Abstract

Sheeppox virus and goatpox virus cause systemic disease in sheep and goats that is often associated with high morbidity and high mortality. To increase understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases, we undertook quantitative time-course studies in sheep and goats following intradermal inoculation of Nigerian sheeppox virus or Indian goatpox virus in their respective homologous hosts. Viremia, determined by virus isolation and real-time PCR, cleared within 2 to 3 weeks post inoculation. Peak shedding of viral DNA and infectious virus in nasal, conjunctival and oral secretions occurred between 10 and 14 days post inoculation, and persisted at low levels for up to an additional 3 to 6 weeks. Although gross lesions developed in multiple organ systems, highest viral titers were detected in skin and in discrete sites within oronasal tissues and gastrointestinal tract. The temporal distribution of infectious virus and viral DNA in tissues suggests an underlying pathogenesis that is similar to smallpox and monkeypox where greatest viral replication occurs in the skin. Our data demonstrate that capripoxvirus infections in sheep and goats provide additional and convenient models which are suitable not only for evaluation of poxvirus-specific vaccine concepts and therapeutics, but also study of poxvirus-host interactions.

Epidemiology and Economic Importance of Sheep and Goat Pox: A Review on Past and Current Aspects

“…The last stage of pox lesion is scab. Quantitative analysis using real-time PCR and isolation of the pathogenesis of Sheep pox virus and Goat pox virus in their respective hosts revealed high viral loads in skin [35].…”

Evidence of vertical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus in Rhipicephalus decoloratus ticks

“…Briefly, DNA was extracted using either QIAamp ® All Nucleic Acid Kit MDx Kit (Qiagen, Crawley, UK) and robotic extraction techniques (Qiagen BioRobot Universal System) (Stubbs et al, 2012) or a manual phenol:chloroform:isoamyalcohol extraction method (Tuppurainen et al, 2011). Primers and a probe (Bowden et al, 2008) were used in combination with a QuantiFast TM Probe PCR Kit (Qiagen, Crawley, UK) in a Mx3005p Multiplex Quantitative PCR System (Strategene, Netherlands).…”

Mechanical transmission of lumpy skin disease virus by Rhipicephalus appendiculatus male ticks

“…Body temperature was recorded daily and blood samples (EDTA and serum) were collected on 0, 3,4,5,6,7,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,24 and 26 dpi after the transfer of partially fed ticks. Serum samples were tested for neutralizing antibodies using a constant-virus/varying-serum neutralization test [8].…”

“…Briefly, DNA was extracted using QIAamp 1 All Nucleic Acid kit MDx kit (Qiagen, UK) and robotic extraction techniques (Qiagen BioRobot Universal System). Primers and a probe, designed by Bowden et al [15], were used in combination with a commercially available QuantiFast TM Probe PCR Kit (Qiagen, UK) in a Mx3005p Multiplex Quantitative PCR system (Strategene, The Netherlands). This real-time PCR assay targets an 89-bp region within the P32 gene and utilizes forward primer 5k-AAA ACG GTA TAT GGA ATA GAG TTG GAA-3k, reverse primer 5k-AAA TGA AAC CAA TGG ATG GGA TA-3k and TaqMan probe 5k-6FAM-TGG CTC ATA GAT TTC CT-MGB/NFQ3k.…”