“…The public discourse on open science in Italy has seen and continues to see important and creative contributions, such as those of Caso (2020), Aliprandi (2017), Giglia (2017), Morriello (2021), Töttössy (2018), Gargiulo (2020), Galimberti (2017a), Pievatolo (2020b) Second, the case of Italy, where for many years no financial resources or personal incentives were actually provided to practitioners of open science, shows that the uptake of open science can take place also in economically developing countries, where financial resources invested in research and education are a small fraction of those available in economically developed countries such as Italy.…”