Capillary-wave roughening of surface-induced layering in liquid gallium

Regan, Michael J.; Pershan, Peter S.; Magnussen, Olaf M.; Ocko, B. M.; Deutsch, Moshe; Berman, L. E.

doi:10.1103/physrevb.54.9730

Cited by 76 publications

(82 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…In addition to the quasi-Bragg peak due to layering, XRR of the liquid Hg-air interface exhibits an anomalous intensity dip at lower scattering vectors and the surface roughness is found to grow with temperature faster than the prediction of CW theory [16], which describes well the thermal behavior of the liquid metal-air interface of Ga [17] and of all other liquid metals studied to date [18]. The Hgelectrolyte interface also exhibits anomalies.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Temperature- and potential-dependent structure of the mercury-electrolyte interface

Runge¹,

Festersen²,

Koops³

et al. 2016

Phys. Rev. B

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The atomic-scale structure of the mercury-electrolyte (0.01 M NaF) interface was studied as a function of temperature and potential by x-ray reflectivity and x-ray diffuse scattering measurements. The capillary wave contribution is determined and removed from the data, giving access to the intrinsic surface-normal electron density profile at the interface, especially to the surface layering in the Hg phase. A temperature dependent roughness anomaly known from the Hg-air interface is found to persist also at the Hg-electrolyte interface. Additionally, a temperature dependence of the layering period was discovered. The increase in the layer spacing with increasing temperature is approximately four times lager than the increase expected from thermal expansion. Finally, the interface is found to broaden towards the electrolyte side as the potential becomes more negative, in agreement with the Schmickler-Henderson theory. Our results favor a model for the interface structure, which is different to the model formerly used in comparable studies.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 94%

Temperature- and potential-dependent structure of the mercury-electrolyte interface

Runge¹,

Festersen²,

Koops³

et al. 2016

Phys. Rev. B

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“…This is so because the spatial density of surface electrons varies rapidly on the scale ∼ k −1 F as the Fermi wavelength k F is T-independent. By contrast, the amplitude of the first peak in the electronic density ρ(z) is temperature sensitive, at least over T-range from 30 to 200 • C [15]. According to Samojlovich's analysis [12] we associate the appearance of this maximum with the strength of surface electric field that should decrease on heating as the layering amplitude does [15,11].…”

Section: Theoretical Estimates Of ∆Smentioning

confidence: 99%

Anomalous temperature dependence of the surface tension and capillary waves at a liquid-gallium surface

Kolevzon¹

1999

J. Phys.: Condens. Matter

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The temperature dependence of the surface tension γ(T ) at liquid gallium is studied theoretically and experimentally using light scattering from capillary waves. The theoretical model based on the Gibbs thermodynamics relates ∂γ/∂T to the surface excess entropy density −∆S. Although capillary waves contribute to the surface entropy with a positive sign, the effect of dipole layer on ∆S is negative. Experimental data collected at a free Ga surface in the temperature range from 30 • C to 160 • C show that ∂γ/∂T changes sign near 100 • C.

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“…Theoretical studies of the liquid-vapor interfaces of pure metals and binary alloys (2)(3)(4)(5)(6)(7)(8)(9)(10)(11)(12)(13) lead to the following predictions: (i) the (longitudinal) distribution of density along the normal to the interface is stratified for several atomic diameters into the bulk liquid, and (ii) the species in excess in the liquid-vapor interface of a dilute binary alloy forms a monolayer that is the outermost layer of that interface. Recent x-ray reflectivity (XR) and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD) studies of the liquidvapor interfaces of several pure metals and binary alloys have confirmed these predictions (14)(15)(16)(17)(18)(19)(20)(21)(22)(23)(24)(25)(26)(27). In this paper, we report the results of XR and GIXD studies of the liquid-vapor interface of a dilute alloy of Pb in Ga over the temperature range of 23-76°C.…”

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confidence: 65%

Two-dimensional freezing in the liquid–vapor interface of a dilute Pb:Ga alloy

Yang

Gidalevitz

et al. 1999

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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We report the results of x-ray reflectivity and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction studies of the liquid-vapor interface of a dilute alloy of Pb in Ga over the temperature range of 23-76°C. Our data show that the liquid-vapor interface of this alloy is stratified for several atomic diameters into the bulk liquid and that a monolayer of Pb forms the outermost stratum of the interface. Over the temperature range of 23-56°C, the monolayer of Pb is in an ordered hexagonal phase. At about 58°C, this monolayer undergoes a first-order transition to a hexatic phase, which remains stable to 76°C. An analogy between the observed transition and the firstorder melting transition in a one-component classical plasma is suggested.T he existence of a composition difference between the liquidvapor interface and the bulk liquid phase of a binary mixture has been known since the work of Gibbs (see, e.g., ref. 1). However, it is only in the last few years that information about the atomic structure of that interface has become available. Theoretical studies of the liquid-vapor interfaces of pure metals and binary alloys (2-13) lead to the following predictions: (i) the (longitudinal) distribution of density along the normal to the interface is stratified for several atomic diameters into the bulk liquid, and (ii) the species in excess in the liquid-vapor interface of a dilute binary alloy forms a monolayer that is the outermost layer of that interface. Recent x-ray reflectivity (XR) and grazing incidence x-ray diffraction (GIXD) studies of the liquidvapor interfaces of several pure metals and binary alloys have confirmed these predictions (14-27). In this paper, we report the results of XR and GIXD studies of the liquid-vapor interface of a dilute alloy of Pb in Ga over the temperature range of 23-76°C. These experiments explore the possibility of using the monolayer of the segregated species to study phase transitions in a quasi two-dimensional system. Our data suggest that the Pb monolayer that forms the outermost stratum of the liquid-vapor interface of the alloy is in a hexatic phase from 60°C to 76°C and that it undergoes a first-order two-dimensional hexatic-to-hexagonal solid transition in the vicinity of 58°C. Over the temperature range of 23-56°C, the range of the translational order in the hexagonal Pb monolayer is greater than our instrumental resolution. Experimental Methods and ResultsThe high-vacuum sample chamber used for our experiments has been described elsewhere (24-27), as have the x-ray surface scattering spectrometer and the detection electronics used. We merely note that the sample chamber contains a residual gas analyzer to monitor the vacuum, an Auger spectrometer to monitor the liquid sample surface composition, and an ion gun and a sweep arm to clean the liquid sample surface. Two liquid alloy samples with slightly different compositions were studied. The results obtained from x-ray diffraction and XR studies of these samples were the same; thus, we focus attention on one of them: 0.054 atomic percent Pb...

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Capillary-wave roughening of surface-induced layering in liquid gallium

Cited by 76 publications

References 21 publications

Temperature- and potential-dependent structure of the mercury-electrolyte interface

Temperature- and potential-dependent structure of the mercury-electrolyte interface

Anomalous temperature dependence of the surface tension and capillary waves at a liquid-gallium surface

Two-dimensional freezing in the liquid–vapor interface of a dilute Pb:Ga alloy

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