Capillary electrophoresis for the analysis of antidepressant drugs: A review

Abstract

Depression is a common mental disorder that may lead to major mental health problems, and antidepressant drugs have been used as a treatment of choice to mitigate symptoms of major depressive disorders by ameliorating the chemical imbalances of neurotransmitters in brain. Since abusing antidepressant drugs such as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and tricyclic antidepressant drugs can cause severe adverse effects, continuous toxicological monitoring of the parent compounds as well as their metabolites using numerous analytical methods appears pertinent. Among them, capillary electrophoresis has been popularly utilized since the method has a lot of advantages viz. using small amounts of sample and solvents, ease of operation, and rapid analysis. This review paper brings a survey of more than 30 papers on capillary electrophoresis of antidepressant drugs published approximately from 1999 until 2018. It focuses on the reported capillary electrophoresis techniques and their applications and challenges for determining antidepressant drugs and their metabolites. It is organized according to the commonly used capillary zone electrophoresis method, followed by non‐aqueous capillary electrophoresis and micellar electrokinetic chromatography, with details on breakthrough findings. Where available, information is given about the background electrolyte used, detector utilized, and sensitivity obtained.

Design of experiment techniques for the optimization of chromatographic analysis conditions: A review

“…CZE is the most basic and widely used separation mode in CE. The choice and optimization of its experimental conditions is also the basis of other separation modes [58, 59]. In CZE, the main parameters to be controlled are voltage, buffer solution, additives, capillary size, and temperature.…”

“…When the surfactant concentration in the solution exceeds the critical micelle concentration, the hydrophobic groups among surfactant molecules gather together to form micelles [63]. Then, substances will be separated based on the different partition coefficients between the aqueous phase and the micellar phase [59]. Obviously, the types, properties, and concentrations of surfactants are considered to be the most important factors for the optimization of MEKC conditions.…”

“…NACE is an important branch of CE, which has become a research hotspot due to the characteristic of using organic solvent instead of aqueous solution as a separation medium and greatly expands the analysis range of substances [66, 67]. On account of the previous characteristic, NACE has been successfully applied to the separation and analysis of drugs and their metabolites, chiral molecules, organic molecules, and inorganic ions [59].…”

A Review of Analytical Methods for Codeine Determination

“…Besides CE, other CETs such as non-aqueous capillary electrophoresis (NACE), micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC), capillary electrochromatography (CEC), microemulsion electrokinetic chromatography (MEEKC), and capillary isotachophoresis (CITP) have been successfully employed for the analysis of drugs of abuse [101,103]. CETs are analytical tools that offer as main advantages high efficiency and resolution power, low reagent volumes, and sample consumption as well as lower costs (compared to chromatographic techniques), compatibility with several detection techniques, and automation [104]. The main limitation of CETs is their low sensitivity (mostly using UV/VIS detection), which is associated with the injection of low volumes of samples.…”

Capillary electrophoresis for the investigation of two novel aminoalkanol derivatives of 1,7‐diethyl‐8,9‐diphenyl‐4‐azatricyclo[5.2.1.02,6] dec‐8‐ene‐3,5,10‐trione as potential anticancer drugs in water solution and serum

“…CE is considered as an environmentally friendly and economical analytical technique. The advantages of CE include its simplicity, high efficiency, versatility, speed, high‐resolution power, small sample volume required, and low operating costs, as well as ability to analyze a diverse spectrum of analytes ranging from small organic ions to macromolecular protein complexes or DNA . CE is an analytical technique with an increasing role in biological, pharmacological, drug discovery, and clinical research .…”