Capillary electrophoresis‐based approaches for the study of affinity interactions combined with various sensitive and nontraditional detection techniques

Abstract

Nearly all processes in living organisms are controlled and regulated by the synergy of many biomolecule interactions involving proteins, peptides, nucleic acids, nucleotides, saccharides, and small molecular weight ligands. There is growing interest in understanding them, not only for the purposes of interactomics as an essential part of system biology, but also in their further elucidation in disease pathology, diagnostics, and treatment. The necessity of detailed investigation of these interactions leads to the requirement of laboratory methods characterized by high efficiency and sensitivity. As a result, many instrumental approaches differing in their fundamental principles have been developed, including those based on capillary electrophoresis. Although capillary electrophoresis offers numerous advantages for such studies, it still has one serious limitation, its poor concentration sensitivity with the most commonly used detection method–ultraviolet‐visible spectrometry. However, coupling capillary electrophoresis with a more sensitive detector fulfils the above‐mentioned requirement. In this review, capillary electrophoresis combined with fluorescence, mass spectrometry, and several nontraditional detection techniques in affinity interaction studies are summarized and discussed, together with the possibility of conducting these measurements in microchip format.

A Two-Dimensional Affinity Capture and Separation Mini-Platform for the Isolation, Enrichment, and Quantification of Biomarkers and Its Potential Use for Liquid Biopsy

“…Promisingly, efforts to improve the analytical sensitivity of CE thus far have led to successful improvements in the limits of detection of substances found at low concentrations. Some of these methods include field-amplified sample stacking, large-volume sample stacking, pH-mediated sample stacking, on-column isotachophoresis, chromatographic preconcentration, sample stacking for micellar electrokinetic chromatography, sweeping, and derivation of analytes with fluorescent chromophores [ 25 , 47 , 54 , 55 , 61 , 62 , 63 , 64 , 65 , 66 , 68 , 69 , 70 , 71 , 72 , 73 , 74 , 75 , 76 , 77 , 78 , 79 , 80 ]. One technology in particular is the combination of solid-phase extraction methods, using affinity-based ligands, with CE.…”

Clinical and pharmaceutical applications of affinity ligands in capillary electrophoresis: A review

“…These advantages include the ability of CE to provide separations with high efficiencies, short analysis times, and small sample requirements [1][2][3][4][5][6][7]. These properties have made CE popular for several decades as an analytical tool for the separation and measurement of many types of compounds in biological, pharmaceutical, and clinical samples [2][3][4][5][6][7][8].…”

Investigation of the enantioselective interaction between selected drug enantiomers and human serum albumin by mobility shift‐affinity capillary electrophoresis

“…The common approaches rely on measuring alternations of size, shape, or charge due to the complexation [24,25,27]. In terms of the protein additive in the BGE for a direct separation, ACE is also known as mobility shift-affinity CE (ms-ACE) [30,31]. A baseline enantiomeric separation of omeprazole using HSA as a CS was achieved by ms-ACE mode [26].…”